GIFT  OF 


PROVISIONAL 

DRILL  REGULATIONS  FOR 
FIELD  ARTILLERY 

(4.7-INCH  GUN) 
UNITED  STATES  ARMY 


1917 


WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE 
1917 


HOT  8I/10ITAJUD3fl  JJWC 
YH3JJITHA  QJ3H 

(MUD  H3MI-V>) 
YMHA  83TAT8  a3TIMU 


WAR  DEPARTMENT. 
Document  No.  652. 
o/  The  Adjutant  General. 


MOTOHIHSAW 


WAR  DEPARTMENT, 
WASHINGTON,  August  28,  1917. 

Tho  following:  system  of  Provisional  Drill  Regulations  for 
Field  Artillery  (4.7-inch  gun),  1917,  is  approved  and  herewith 
published  for  the  information  and  guidance  of  the  Army  of  the 
United  States. 

These  regulations  are  to  be  used  in  connection  with  Provi- 
sional Drill  and  Service  Regulations  for  Field  Artillery  (Horse 
and  Light),  1916,  and  only  the  paragraphs  that  differ  from  the 
paragraphs  in  those  regulations  are  published  herein. 
[334.2,  A.  G.  O.I 

6Y  ORDER  OF  THE   SECRETARY  OF  WAR  I 

H.  L.  SCOTT, 

Major  General,  Chief  of  Staff. 
OFFICIAL  : 

H.  P.  MCCAIN, 

The  Adjutant  (Jcncrul. 

3 


368062 


mT    *r 


. 

• 

. 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


PART  I. 
GENERAL  PRINCIPLES  AND  DEFINITIONS. 

See  Drill  Regulations  for  Field  Artillery  (Horse  and  Light), 
Part  I. 

PART  II. 
DISMOUNTED  INSTRUCTION. 

CHAPTER  IV. — The  battery  dismounted.  Par. 

SECTION  I.  General  principles  and  organization 135, 

136, 137, 138, 139, 140 

CHAPTER  V. — Preliminary  exercises  of  the  gun  squads. 
SECTION   II.   Posts  of  gun   squads  and  cannoneers; 

mounting  and  dismounting 180, 183, 184, 186, 188, 190 

SECTION  III.  Movements  of  the  carriages  by  hand 191, 

192, 1921 

SECTION  IV.  Duties  of  the  cannoneers  in  unlimbering_      193, 
194, 195, 196,  197, 198, 198*,  199, 199*,  200,  200*,  201 

SECTION  V.  Duties  of  the  cannoneers  in  limbering 202, 

202*,  203 
PART  III. 

MOUNTED  INSTRUCTION. 

CHAPTER  III. — The  driver. 

SECTION  III.  Preliminary  instruction 408 

SECTION  IV.  Mounted  instruction 423* 


6  TABLE  OF   CONTENTS. 

PART  IV. 

CHAPTER  I. — The  battery  mounted.  rar- 

SECTION  VIII.  Maneuvers  of  the  battery 516 

SECTION  IX.  To  subdivide  the  battery  for  action 550 

SECTION   X.   To   form   in  battery   and   to   resume   a 

marching  formation 565 

PART  V. 
CARE,  CONDITIONING,  AND  TRAINING  OF  HORSES. 

See  Drill  Regulations  for  Field  Artillery  (Horse  and  Light), 
Part  V. 

PART  VI. 

CARE  AND  MAINTENANCE  OF  EQUIPMENT. 

See  Drill  Regulations  for  Field  Artillery  (Horse  and  Light), 
Part  VI. 

PART  VII. 

CEREMONIES. 

CHAPTER  I. — General  rules 699 

CHAPTER  II. — Reviews. 

SECTION  I.  General  rules 715 

SECTION  II.  Battalion  review 720 

CHAPTER  III.— Inspections. 

SECTION  III.  Battery  inspection. _  730 

PART   Mil. 
BUGLE  CALLS. 

See  Drill  Regulations  for  Field  Artillery   (Horse  and  Light), 
Part  VIII. 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS.  7 

PART  IX. 
FIBING  INSTRUCTION, 

CHAPTER  II. — The  cannoneers.  Par- 

SECTION  III.  Duties  in  detail  of  the  gunner 854 

SECTION  IV.  Duties  in  detail  of  No.  1 88O 

SECTION  V.  Duties  in  detail  of  No.  2 .      892;. 

893,  894, 895,  896,  897.  898,  899,  900,  9001- 

SECTION  VI.  Duties  in  detail  of  No.  3 902,903,908,911- 

SECTION  VII.  Duties  in  detail  of  No.  4 9:12*. 

914,  915.  915i91£,91T 

SECTION  VIII.  Duties  in  detail  of  No.  5 91&. 

920,  921,  922,  923, 924v 

SECTION  IX.  Duties  of  Nos.  6  and  7_  925,  926,  92&i  92S|t  926f 
SECTION  X.  Combined  training  at  the  piece  and  at  the 

caisson 92T 

CHAPTER  III. — Exercises  preliminary  to  instruction  of  the. 
tiring  battery. 

SECTION  II.  To  move  by  hand  the  carriages  unlim- 

bered 93T 

SECTION  III.  Preparation  for  action  and  march  order_      9SSk 

939,940,941,942,94$- 

CHAPTER  IV. — The  firing  battery  and   the  duties  of.  its 
gun  squads. 

SECTION  I.  Composition,  formation,  and  instruction  of 

the  firing  battery 945 

SECTION  III.  Measures  for  facilitating  the  rapid  open- 
ing of  fire 95£ 

SECTION  VI.  Projectiles,  fuzes,  kinds  of  fire 982 

SECTION  IX.  Methods  of  fire 1007 

SECTION    XII.  Combined    duties   of   the    members   of 

the  gun  squads 1028,1029,1030,1031. 

CHAPTER  V. — Replacement  of  ammunition  and  of  casual- 
ties   1034, 1035, 1039, 1041 

CHAPTER  VI. — Service  firings. 

SECTION  VIII.  Preparation  of  fire 11TX» 

1172, 1173, 1174, 1183, 121T 

SECTION  IX.  Observation  of  fire 1245, 125T 

SECTION  XII.  Conduct  of  fire 1308, 1367, 1369, 1377, 1388 

SECTION  XIV.  Targets 1413,  .1415 


.8  TABLE   OF   CONTENTS. 

PART  X. 
ARTILJ^ERY  IN  THE  FIELD. 

CHAPTER  IV. — Choice  of  position. 

SECTION    II.    Limbers,    combat   trains,    and    amrnuni-      Po- 
tion  train 1556 

CHAPTER  Y. — Defilade  and  cover 1564, 

1565, 1566,  1567, 1568, 1576 

CHAPTER  X.— Ammunition  supply 1717 

CHAPTER  XII. — Transportation  by  rail  and  water. 

SECTION  I.  By  rail__  1783,17331,1749,1750,1751,1771,1772 

APPENDIX  A. 

TRACTOR-DRAWN  BATTERIES. 

APPENDIX  B. 


' 


PROVISIONAL  DRILL  REGULATIONS  FOR  FIELD  AR- 
TILLERY (4.7-INCH  GUN). 


The  numbering  of  the  paragraphs  corresponds  with  the  num- 
bering in  the  Provisional  Drill  and  Service  Regulations  for  Field 
Artillery  (Horse  and  Light).  1916,  and  all  paragraphs  not  found 
in  this  publication  are  identical  with  paragraphs  of  those 
regulations. 

PART  II. 

DISMOUNTED  INSTRUCTION. 

CHAPTER   IV.— THE  BATTERY  DISMOFNTED. 

SECTION  I. — GENERAL  PRINCIPLES  AND  ORGANIZATION. 

135.  Each  gun  squad  consists  of  one  of  the  corporals  and 
nine  of  the  privates  assigned  to  the  service  of  a  gun  section. 
The  corporal  is  the  gunner  and  should  be  selected  for  his  quali- 
fications without  regard  to  his  rank  in  the  section.  The  privates 
are  cannoneers,  numbered  from  1  to  9. 

130.  Each  caisson  .squad  consists  Of  one  of  the  corporals  and 
nine  of  the  privates  assigned  to  the  service  of  a  caisson  section. 
The  corporal  is  a  caisson  corporal.  The  privates  are  cannoneers, 
four  of  whom  are  assigned  to  the  first  caisson  and  numbered 
from  4  to  7,  and  the  remaining  five  to  the  second  caisson  and 
numbered  from  4  to  8. 

Movements  prescribed  tor  a  gun  squad  apply,  with  obvious 
modifications,  to  a  caisson,  driver,  or  mechanic -squad. 

0 


10 


DRILL  REGULATIONS  FIELD  ARTILLERY. 


137.  Each  driver  squad  of  the  gun  and  caisson  sections  con- 
sists of  a  caisson  corporal,  the  eight  drivers  of  the  carriages  of 
the  section,  and  an  extra  cannoneer.  No.  10,  who  is  trained  as  a 
spare  driver. 

138.  Each  gun  squad  is  formed  in  double  rank  as  follows: 
The  gunner  and  Nos.  2,  4.  6.  and  8  in  the  front  rank  in  order 
from  right  to  left ;  Nos.  1,  3.  5.  7.  and  9  in  the  rear  rank,  in  order 
from  right  to  left,  No.  1  covering  the  gunner. 


. 

8 

6 

4        ;        2 

G. 

9 

7 

531 

i                i 

139.  Each  caisson  squad  is  formed  in  double  rank  as  follows: 
The  caisson  corporal  and  Nos.  4.  5.  6,  and  7  of  the  first  caisson  in 
the  front  rank  in  order  from  right  to  left ;  Nos.  4,  5,  6,  7,  and  8, 
of  the  second  caisson  in  the  rear  rank,  in  order  from  right  to 
left ;  No.  4  covering  the  caisson  corporal. 


7 

6 

4 

C.  C. 

8 

7 



G 



• 

4 

140.  Each  driver  squad  is  formed  in  double  rapk  as  follows: 
The  caisson  corporal  is  on  the  right  of  the  front  rank ;  the  lead, 
lead  swing,  wheel  swing,  and  wheel  drivers  of  the  piece  in  a  gun 
section,  or  of  the  first  caisson  in  a  caisson  section,  are  on  the 


DRILL  REGULATIONS  FIELD  ARTILLERY. 


11 


AV. 

w.  s. 

L.  S.          L.  , 

C.  C. 

| 

w.      w.  s. 

L.  S.          L. 

10 

1 

left  of  the  caisson  corporal  in  order  from  right  to  left;  the  lead, 
lead  swing,  wheel  swing,  and  wheel  drivers  of  the  caisson  in 
a  gun  section,  or  of  the  second  caisson  in  a  caisson  section,  are  in 
the  rear  rank  in  order  from  right  to  left  covering  the  drivers 
of  the  front  rank ;  the  spare  driver,  No.  10,  is  in  the  rear  rank 
covering  the  caisson  corporal. 


CHAPTER  V. — PK-KLIMINAUl    EXERCISES  OF  THE  GUN  SQUADS. 

SECTION  II. — POSTS  OF  GUN  SQUADS  AND  CANNONEEKS  ;  MOUNT- 
ING AND  DISMOUNTING. 

Posts  of  the  Cannoneers,  Carriages  Limbered. 

180.  The  gunner  and  No.  1  opposite  the  rear  of  the  gun 
wheels.  Nos.  2  and  3  opposite  the  front  of  the  gun  wheels,  Nos. 
4  and  5  opposite  the  middle  of  the  connecting  pole  of  the  caisson. 

Nos.  6  and  7  opposite  the  rear  of  the  limber  wheels  of  the 
piece. 

Nos.  8  and  9  opposite  the  front  of  the  limber  wheels  of  the 
piece. 

If  the  caisson  corporal  be  present,  dismounted,  he  is  opposite 
the  end  of  the  pole  of  the  caisson. 

The  gunner  and  even  numbers  are  on  the  right,  the  caisson 
corporal  and  odd  numbers  on  the  left,  all  2  feet  outside  the 
wheels  facing  to  the  front. 

If  numbers  higher  than  No.  9  are  present,  they  are  assigned 
posts  by  the  instructor. 


12  DRILL  REGULATIONS  FIELD  ARTILLERY. 

183.  In  each  gun  squad  the  gunner  mounts  on  the  piece  and 
No.  1  inside  the  turned  back  spade  on  the  trail. 

Nos.  2  and  3  mount  on  the  limber  chest  of  the  caisson,  faced 
to  the  front. 

Nos.  4  and  5  mount  on  the  caisson  chest  faced  to  the  front. 

Nos.  6  and  7  mount  on  the  caisson  chest  faced  to  the  rear. 

Nos.  8  and  9  mount  on  the  caisson  limber  chest  faced  to  the 
rear.  • 

In  each  caisson  squad  Nos.  4  and  5  mount  on  their  respective 
caisson  chests  faced  to  the  front;  Nos.  6  and  7  mount  on  their 
respective  'caisson  limber  chests,  faced  to  the  front;  No.  8 
mounts  on  the  caisson  chest  of  the  second  caisson,  faced  to  the 
roar.  The  spare  drivers,  if  present,  are  distributed  by  the  cap- 
tain among  the  caissons  of  the  combat  train  to  be  mounted  on 
the  caisson  limber  or  caisson  chests,  faced  to  the  rear. 

In  'both  gun  and  caisson  squads  even  numbers  mount  on  the 
right  hand  side  of  the  carriage,  odd  numbers  on  the  left. 

184.  1.  Cannoneers  prepare  to  mount,  2.  MOUNT.    At  the  first 
command  the  Nos.  4  and  5  hasten  to  the  front  of  the  caisson 
chest,  the  Nos.  G  and  7  to  the  rear  of  the  caisson  chests  while 
the  Nos.  2  and  3  arid  8  and  9  hasten  to  the  rear  of  the  caisson 
limber  chests,  the  Nos.  8  and  9  in  the  rear  of  the  Nos.  2  and  3 
respectively.     At  the  second  command  the  Nos.  4  and  5  mount 
from  the  front  and  face  to  the  front;  the  numbers  6  and  7 
mount  from  the  rear ;  the  Nos.  2  and  3  mount  from  the  rear  and 
stepping  over  the  caisson  limber  chests  sit  down  on  the  chest 
faced  to  the  front.     The  Nos.  8  and  9  mount  after  the  Nos.  2 
and  3  have  assumed  their  positions. 

At  the  first  command  the  gunners  and  No.  1  hasten  to  the 
rear  of  the  gun  and  the  end  of  the  trail,  respectively,  and  on  the 
second  command  mount  in  the  most  convenient  manner. 


DRILL  REGULATIONS  FIELD  ARTILLERY.  13 

186.  1.  Cannoneers  prepare  to  dismount,  2.  DISMOUNT.     At 

the  first  command  the  cannoneers  prepare  to  spring  from  the 
carriages,  but  do  not  stand.  At  the  second  Command  all  can- 
noneers spring  from  the  carriages  in  the  direction  in  which  they 
are  facing  in  the  most  convenient  manner  and  take  their  posts 
at  the  double  time. 

The  Nos.  4  and  5  will  not  dismount  until  the  Nos.  8  and  9 
have  dismounted  and  are  out  of  the  way. 

Posts   of  the   Cannoneers,   Carriages  Unlimbered. 

188.  The  gunner,  immediately  in  rear  of  the  cannoneer's  seat, 
on  the  left  side  of  the  trail  of  the  gun. 

No.  1,  immediately  in  rear  of  the  cannoneer's  seat,  on  the  right 
side  of  the  trail  of  the  gun. 

No.  2,  2  feet  in  rear  of  the  gunner,  covering  him. 

Nos.  3,  4,  and  5,  2  feet  in  rear  of  the  caisson  chest  In  the  order 
named  from  right  to  left. 

Nos.  6  and  7,  at  the  ends  of  the  trail  handspikes,  No  6  on  the 
left. 

The  caisson  corporal,  if  present  dismounted,  2  feet  in  rear  of 
the  caisson  limber  chest. 

Higher  numbered  cannoneers,  if  present,  are  posted  at  the  dis- 
cretion of  the  instructor.  Unless  otherwise  directed,  the  can- 
noneers, when  not  serving  the  piece,  stand  at  attention  at  their 
posts,  facing  to  the  front. 

When  serving  the  piece  in  either  actual  or  simulated  firing  the 
gunner  and  No.  1  habitually  seat  themselves  on  the  seats  pro- 
vided for  them ;  the  other  cannoneers  take  as  much  shelter  be- 
hind the  carriages  as  is  consistent  with  the  proper  performance 
of  their  duties. 


14  DRILL  REGULATIONS  FIELD  ARTILLERY. 

190.  The  cannoneers  being  at  their  posts,   carriages  uiilim- 
bered :  1.  Change  posts,  2.  MARCH. 

No.  1  takes  the  post  of  No.  2 ;  No.  2  of  No.  3 ;  No.  3  of  No.  4 ;  No. 
4  of  No.  5 ;  No.  5  of  No.  6 ;  No.  6  of  No.  7 ;  No.  7  of  No.  1. 

SECTION  III. — MOVEMENTS  OF  THE  CARRIAGES  BY  HAND. 
To  Move  by  Hand  the  Carriages  Limbered. 

191.  To    the    front:    1.  Piece    (Caisson)    forward;    2.  March; 
3.  HALT. 

At  the  first  command,  the  gunner  and  No.  1  each  procure  a 
picket  rope  and  attach  them  to  the  wheel  hooks  on  the  right  and 
left  piece  limber  (caisson  limber)  wheels,  respectively,  stretch- 
ing them  in  the  direction  the  carriage  is  to  be  moved.  The  in- 
structor assigns  the  necessary  number  of  cannoneers  to  work  at 
the  end  of  the  pole  and  on  the  picket  ropes.  At  the  command 
march,  all  working  together  move  the  piece  (caisson)  in  the 
direction  indicated.  At  the  command  halt  the  carriage  is 
stopped,  and  all  resume  their  posts. 

NOTE. — It  will  sometimes  be  found  advantageous  to  attach  the 
middle  of  a  picket  rope  around  the  doubletree  bolt,  drawing  the 
ends  out  under  the  doubletree  and  giving  them  a  half  hitch 
around  the  end  of  the  pole.  By  attaching  additional  ropes  to 
these  ends  any  desired  length  can  be  secured,  and  the  piece,  or 
caisson,  moved  as  above  described. 

192.  To  the  rear:    1.   Piece    (Caisson)   backward;    2.   March; 
3.  HALT. 

Executed  as  in  the  preceding  paragraph  except  that  the  ropes 
are  attached  to  the  wheel  hooks  of  the  piece  (caisson),  instead 
of  to  the  wheel  hooks  of  the  limber. 

192|.  In  moving  carriages  by  hand  the  cannoneers  should 
be  taught  to  place  themselves  alternately  on  each  side  of  the  rope 


DRILL  REGULATIONS   FIELD   ARTILLERY.  15 

and  to  take  sufficient  distance  so  that  they  will  not  interfere  with 
one  another.  They  should  be  practiced  in  pulling  together.  For 
short  distances  five  men  well  placed  at  a  rope  can  pull  more 
than  a  horse. 

Whenever  the  cannoneers  are  used  to  assist  in  moving  the  car- 
riages hitched,  the  rope  should  ordinarily  be  attached  to  the 
piece  or  caisson  wheels  instead  of  the  limber  wheels. 

For  short  distances,  on  hard,  level  ground,  the  instructor  may 
give  directions  for  moving  the  carriages  without  attaching  ropes. 

SECTION  IV. — DUTIES  OF  THE  CANNONEERS  IN  UNLIMBERING. 
Disposition  of  the  Carriages  Before  and  After  TJnlimbering. 

193.  Before  unlimbering:  The  carriages  are  either  in  section 
column,  double  section,  or  flank  column. 

In  emergencies  the  carriages  may  be  unlimbered  from  any 
formation.  Dispositions  to  meet  exceptional  situations  should 
be  practiced. 

194.  When  not  horsed  the  carriages  are  drawn  by  the  can- 
noneers and  the  instructor  gives  the  necessary  instructions  for 
moving  the  carriages  by  the  shortest  routes  into  the  prescribed 
positions. 

195.  After  unlimbering:  The  caisson,  the  gun  carriage,  and 
the  cnisson  limber  are  in  line  in  that  order  from  left  to  right, 
adjacent  wheels  about  1  foot  apart,  the  caisson  trail,  the  gun 
muzzle,  and  the  caisson  limber  pole  pointing  to  the  front.     The 
piece  wheels  are  about  1  foot  farther  to  the  front  than  those  of 
the  other  two  carriages  to  allow  for  the  settling  of  the  spade 
at  the  first  shot. 

The  interval  of  1  foot  may  be  Increased. to  permit  wide  move- 
ments of  the  trail  if  they  are  anticipated,  but  effort  should  be 
made  to  preserve  the  protection  of  the  shields. 


16  DRILL  REGULATIONS  FIELD  ARTILLJERY, 

19<>.  In  active  service,  and  in  instruction  simulating  service 
conditions,  the  teams  are  placed  under  cover  in  the  vicinity  of 
the  position ;  if  no  cover  is  obtainable  in  the  vicinity,  they  are 
placed  in  line  in  rear  of  either  flank  at  such  place  as  the  in- 
structor may  designate. 

When  the  tactical  situation  requires  it  the  caisson  limber, 
and  if  deemed  advisable,  the  gun  limber  also,  may  be  sent  to  the 
reai-  \vith  the  teams. 

197.  On  occasions  of  ceremony,  or  when  a  post  is  not  desig- 
nated, the  caisson  limber  is  placed  directly  in  rear  of  its  caisson, 
the  heads  of  the  lead  horses  2.1  yards  in  rear  of  the  caisson,  fac- 
ing to  the  front.  The  piece  team  is  placed  on  the  right  of  the 
caisson  team.  2  yards  from  and  abreast  of  it. 

To  Unlimber  and  Prepare  for  Action. 

GE.XKKAI.    r.UI.KS. 

.  198.  1.  On  account  of  the  extreme  difficulty  of  manhandling 
heavy  held  materiel,  the  teams  will  be  used  to  draw  the  guns 
and  caissons  to  the  positions  they  are  to  occupy  in  firing,  unless 
the  necessity  for  concealment  demands  the  placing  of  the  car- 
riages by  hand.  In  the  latter  case  a  .sufliHi-»iit  number  of  can- 
noneers with  drag  ropes  should  be  employed  at  each  carriage 
in  turn  to  move  it  promptly  to  its  proper  position. 

2.  In  order  to  avoid  unnecessary  strain  on  the  piece  wheels 
and  increased  difficulties  of  draft,  the  gun  should  usually  be  left 
in   its  traveling  position   as   long  as  practicable.     For   moving 
short  distances  over  smooth  ground,  however,  the  gun  may  be 
in  its  firing  position. 

3.  In  unlimbering  to  fire  to  the  front  the  caisson  establishes 
the  position. 


DRILL  REGULATIONS  FIELD  ARTILLERY.  17 

4.  In  unlimbering  to  fire  to  the  rear  the  piece  establishes  the 
position. 

5.  In  preparing-  the  piece  for  action  the  gunner  and  even  num- 
bers work  on  the  left    (gunner's)    side  of  the  trail,   the  odd 
numbers  on  the  other  side. 

6.  In  pushing  the  gun  into  the  firing  position  the  cannoneers 
work  on  a  maneuvering  bar  placed  against  the  rear  face  of  the 
breech;  in  returning  it  to  the  traveling  position  they  work  on 
the  bar  placed  iirst  against  the  front  clip,  then,  to  complete  the 
movement,  against  the  front  face  of  the  recoil  lug. 

7.  The  cannoneers  report  to  the  instructor  if  any  parts  of  the 
materiel  are  not  in  working  order. 

>ai: 

DUTIES     IN    .DETAIL     Otf     THK     (  ANNONEERS     AT    THE     COMMAND     FOR 

ACTION. 

198^.  The  gunner  and  No.  1  : 

1.  The    gunner    commands    1.  Piece,    2.  HALT,    and    sets    the 
'brake  when  the  piece  reaches  its  position.     The  gunner   and 
No.  1,  working  together,  remove  the  breech  section  of  the  gun 
cover,  raise  the  top  shield,  and  lower  the  apron. 

2.  Remove  the  spring-pod  yoke,  placing  it  clear  of  the  recoil 
lug,  and  remove  the  traveling  lock  bolt. 

3.  Carefully  wipe  off  and  oil  the  clips  and  guide  rails.  i{t  JI» 

4.  Place  the  maneuvering  bar   across  the  rear  face  of  the 
breech.     At  the  command,   1.   Ready,  2.  HEAVE,   given  by  the 
chief  of  section,  assist  in  pushing  the  gun  to  the  firing  position. 

5.  Replace  the  spring-rod  yoke. 

6.  The   gunner   releases   the   elevating   and    traversing    lock, 
removes  the  hood  from  the  sight  standard,  takes  the  sights  from 
their  cases,  and  places  them  in  their  sockets. 

_  '> 


18  DRILL  REGULATIONS  FIELD  ARTILLERY. 

No.  1  removes  the  quadrant  from  its  case  and  places  it  in 
its  seat ;  operates  the  breech ;  examines  the  bore,  breech  block, 
and  chamber,  cleaning  with  waste  any  parts  requiring  it ;  and 
equips  himself  with  a  lanyard. 

7.  Take  posts  at  the  carriages  unlimbered. 

Nos.  2  and  3  : 

1.  As  soon  as  the  piece  reaches  its  proper  position,  No.  2  un- 
hitches the  off  horse,  No.  3  the  near  horse  of  the  wheel  pair; 
they  then  fasten  the  traces  in  the  forward  hip  straps  of  the 
harness.    No.  3  disengages  the  pole  and  commands:  DRIVE  ON. 

2.  Release  the  trail  prop  chain,  dismount  the  extension  rail 
from  its  carrier,  remove  the  muzzle  section  of  the  gun  cover, 
and  place  the  extension  rail  in  its  firing  position. 

3.  No.  2  adjusts  the  front  sight  in  the  firing  position  near  the 
breech  of  the  gun ;  No.  3  removes  the  muzzle  cover.    Both  then 
take  posts. 

4.  At  the  command,  1.  Ready,  2.  HEAVE,  given  by  the  chief 
of  section,  they  work  on  the  maneuvering  bar  and  assist  in  push- 
ing the  gun  to  the  firing  position. 

5.  Working  opposite  each  other,   assist  in  raising  the  trail 
from  the  pintle,  and  set  the  trail  prop. 

6.  Assist  in  lowering  the  trail  to  the  ground.     No.  3  hooks 
up  the  trail  prop  chain  and  procures  the  hand  fuze  setter. 

7.  Take  posts  at  the  carriages  unlimbered. 
Nos.  4  and  5 : 

1.  No.  4  commands,  1.  Caisson,  2.  HALT,  and  sets  the  brake 
when  the  caisson  reaches  its  position.     Nos.  4  and  5  unlimber 
the  caisson  and  lower  the  prop.     No.  4  commands :  DRIVE  ON. 

2.  Lower  the  caisson  apron  and  open  the  caisson  chest. 

3.  As  soon  as  the  caisson  limber  reaches  its  proper  position, 
No.  4  unhitches  the  off  horse,  No.  5  the  near  horse  of  the  wheel 
pair ;  they  then  fasten  the  traces  in  the  forward  hip  strap  of 


DRILL  REGULATIONS  FIELD  ARTILLERY.  19 

the  harness.    No.  5  disengages  the  pole  and  commands:  DRIVE 
ON.    Both  then  take  posts  near  the  breech  of  the  gun. 

4.  At  the  command,  1.  Ready,  2.  HEAVE,  given  by  the  chief 
of  section,  they  work  on  the  maneuvering  bar  and  assist  in  push- 
ing the  gun  to  the  firing  position.    • 

5.  No.  4  turns  the  pintle  bolt  lever  90°.     Then,  both  working 
opposite  each  other  nearest  the  spade,  assist  in  raising  the  trail 
from  the  pintle ;  then  they  adjust  the  spade  in  its  firing  position. 

6.  Assist  in  lowering  the  trail  to  the  ground,  and  open  the 
caisson  limber  chest.    No.  5  procures  the  cartridge  hook. 

7.  Take  posts  at  the  carriages  unlimbered. 
Nos.  6  and  7 : 

1.  Assist  in  removing  the  gun  cover. 

2.  Assist  Nos.  2  and  3  in  placing  the  extension  rail  in  its  firing 
position. 

3.  Take  posts  near  the  breech  of  the  gun. 

4.  At  the  command,  1.  Ready.  2.  HEAVE,  given  by  the  chief 
of  section,  they  work  against  the  maneuvering  bar  and  assist  in 
pushing  the  gun  to  its  firing  position. 

5.  Assist  in  unlimbering,  working  at  the  end  of  the  limber 
pole. 

6.  Working  at  the  trail  handspikes,  assist  in  lowering  the  trail 
to  the  ground.    They  then  open  the  caisson  limber  chest. 

7.  Take  posts  at  the  carriages  unlimbered. 

To  Fire  to  the  Front. 

199.  The  carriages  being  in  double  section:  ACTION  FRONT. 
Executed  as  in  action  rear,  except  that  the  caisson  halts,  and  the 
piece  moves  forward,  obliques  away  from  the  caisson,  makes  an 
about  toward  it.  and  takes  its  prescribed  position. 

1994.  The  carriages  being  in  section  column  :  ACTION  FRONT. 
Executed  as  in  action  rear,  except  that  the  caisson  halts  and  the 


20  DRILL  REGULATIONS  FIELD  ARTILLERY. 

piece  inclines  to  the  left  and  takes  its  prescribed  position  by  u 
right-about. 

To  Fire  to  the  Rear. 

200.  The  carriages  being  ^in  double  section :  ACTION  REAR. 

The  Piece:  If  marching,  the  piece  halts.  The  gunner  sets  11  it- 
brake  ;  No.  2  unhitches  the  off  wheel  horse ;  No.  3  unhitches  the 
near  wheel  horse,  disengages  the  pole  from  the  yoke,  and  com- 
mands, DRIVE  ON.  The  piece  team  moves  10  yards  straight  to 
the  rear  and  halts. 

The  Caisson:  The  caisson  inclines  sharply  away  from  the 
piece,  and  by  and  about  toward  it,  takes  its  prescribed  position. 
When  the  caisson  reaches  its  position,  No.  4  commands,  1. 
Caisson,  2.  HALT,  and  sets  the  brake.  No.  4  unlatches  the 
pintle.  No.  5  lowers  the  prop :  Nos.  4  and  5  raise  the  connecting 
pole  from  the  pintle,  and  No.  4  commands :  DRIVE  ON.  Nos.  4 
and  5  lower  the  apron  and  .open  the  doors  of  the  caisson  chest. 
The  limber,  moving  at  a  walk,  makes  a  left  about,  goes  straight 
to  the  rear  until  it  clears  the  heads  of  the  lead  pair  of  the  piece 
team,  when  it  makes  a  second  left  about  and  comes  up  on  the 
right  of  the  gun.  No.  4  commands,  1.  Limber,  2.  HALT,  when 
the  axle  of  the  limber  is  approximately  in  prolongation  of  the 
axle  of  the  caisson.  No.  4  unhitches  the  off  wheel  horse.  No.  ."> 
unhitches  the  near  wheel  horse,  disengages  the  pole  from  the 
yoke,  and  commands:  DRIVE  ON.  The  caisson  team  makes  a 
left  about  and  moves  up  abreast  of  the  piece  team. 

Teams:  When  the  caisson  team  arrives  abreast  of  the  piece 
team  they  take  their  prescribed  positions.  To  take  posts  in  rear 
of  the  carriages,  the  teams  move  out  together  at  a  walk.  They 
incline  well  to  the  right,  move  to  the  rear  about  50  yards,  execute 
a  left  about,  and  halt  so  that  the  heads  of  the  lead  horses  of  the 
<  nisson  team  will  be  25  vards  in  rear  of  the  caisson  limber.  The 


DRILL  REGULATIONS  FIELD  ARTILLERY.  21 

piece  team  is  on  the  left  of  the  caisson  team.  2  yards  from  and 
abreast  of  it. 

200£.  The  carriages  being  in  section  column :  ACTION  REAR. 
Executed  as  prescribed  in  the  preceding  paragraph,  except  that 
the  caisson  inclines  to  the  left  and  takes  its  position  by  a  right- 
about. 

To  Fire  to  the  Flank. 

201.  Being  in  flank  column   or  in   double   section,   the  car- 
riages are  usually   marched  by   the  Hunk,   and   the  command 
action  front  or  action  rear  is  then  given. 

If  the  carriages  are  in  flank  column  with  the  piece  on  the 
side  toward  which  fire  is  to  be  directed,  the  movement  may  be 
executed  as  follows:  ACTION  RIGHT  (LEFT).  The  carriages 
wheel  toward  each  other,  the  teams  keeping  to  the  left  in  pass- 
ing. The  piece  halts  as  soon  as  it  completes  the  change  of  direc- 
tion ;  the  caisson  halts  when  it  reaches  its  prescribed  position. 
The  movement  is  then  completed  in  accordance  with  the  prin- 
ciples laid  down  in  the  preceding  paragraphs. 

SECTION  V. — DUTIES  OF  THE  OANNOXEKKS  IN  LIMBERING. 

^ 

To  Resume  the  Order  for  Marching. 

202.  The  carriages  being  unlimbered  and  prepared  for  action: 
MARCH  ORDER. 

DUTIES    IN    DETAIL   OF   THE    CANNONEERS. 

3  'tO 

The  Gunner  and  No.  1. 

1.  The  gunner  replaces  the  sights,  secures  the  hood  over  the 
sight  standard,  traverses  and  depresses  the  piece  to  zero,  and 
fastens  the  elevating  arid  traversing  lock.  No.  1  removes  the 


22  DRILL  REGULATIONS  FIELD  ARTILLERY. 

quadrant  and  puts  it  in  its  case,  replaces  the  lanyard   in  the 
trail  box,  releases  the  brake  if  set. 

2.  After  the  trail  has  been  raised,  they  remove  the  spring-rod 
yoke,  and  raise  the  rear  traveling  lock  leg. 

3.  Place  the  maneuvering  bar  against  the  front  clip  of  the 
gun ;  at  the  command :  1.  Ready,  2.  HEAVE,  given  by  the  chief 
of  section,  they  assist  in  pushing  the  gun  about  2  feet  toward 
the  traveling  position ;  then  change  the  maneuvering  bar  to  the 
front  face  of  the  recoil  lug.     At  the  command:  1.  Ready,  2. 
HEAVE,  again  given  by  the  chief  of  section,  they  assist  in  com- 
pleting the  change  to  the  traveling  position. 

4.  Secure  the  lock  bolt,  replace  the  spring-rod  yoke,  and  care- 
fully wipe  off  with  dry  waste  the  clips  arid  guide  rails. 

5.  Lower  the  top  shield,  raise  the  apron,  and  replace  the  breech 
section  of  the  gun  cover. 

6.  The  gunner  takes  post  at  the  right  caisson  wheel,  fzjcini; 
toward  the  end  of  the  connecting  pole ;  No.  1  takes  the  corre- 
sponding position  at  the  left  caisson  wheel. 

Nos.  2  and  3. 

1.  Spring  to  the  trail,  and,  working  opposite  each  other,  assist 
in  raising  the  trail ;  set  the  prop,  No.  3  releasing  the  trail  prop 
chain.    No.  3  returns  the  hand  fuse  setter  to  the  tool  box. 

2.  Assist  in  raising  the  trail  and  in  limbering.    No.  3  hooks 
up  the  trail  prop  chain. 

3.  At  the  command:  1.  Ready,  2.  HEAVE,  given  by  the  chief 
of  section,  they  work  against  the  maneuvering  bar  and  assist  in 
pushing  the  gun  about  2  feet  toward  the  traveling  position. 
When  the  gunner  changes  the  bar  to  the  front  of  the  recoil  lug, 
Nos.  2  and  3  remain  at  the  muzzle  and  at  the  command :  1. 
Ready,  2.  HEAVE,  again  given  by  the  chief  of  section,  they  push 


DRILL  REGULATIONS  FIELD  ARTILLERY.  28 

against  the  muzzle,  and  assist  in  completing  the  change  10  the 
traveling  position. 

4.  No.  2  adjusts  the  front  sight  in  its  traveling  position.     No. 
3  puts  on  the  muzzle  cover.     They  then  dismount  the  extension 
rail  and  secure  it  in  its  carrier. 

5.  Replace  the  muzzle  section  of  the  gun  cover. 

6.  No.  2  takes  post  at  the  singletree  of  the  off  wheel  horse  of 
the  piece,  2  feet  outside  the  wheel,  f acini;  toward  the  end  of  the 
pole.     No.  3  takes  the  corresponding  position  at  the  singletree 
of  the  near  wheel  horse. 

Nos.  4  and  5. 

1.  Spring  to  the  trail,  and.  working  opposite  each  other  near- 
est the  spade,  assist  in  raising  the  trail.     Remove  the  spade  key 
and  replace  the  spade  in  its  traveling  position. 

2.  Assist  in  raising  the  trail  and  in  limbering.     No.  4  manipu- 
lates the  pintle  bolt  lever. 

3.  At  the  command :  1.  Ready,  2.  HEAVE,  given  by  the  chief 
of  section,  they  work  against  the  maneuvering  bar  and  assist  in 
pushing  the  gun  to  the  traveling  position. 

4.  Close  the  caisson  chest  and  raise  the  caisson  apron. 

5.  Close  the  caisson  limber  chest. 

6.  No.  4  takes  post  at  the  singletree  of  the  off  wheel  horse  of 
the  caisson,  2  feet  outside  the  wheel,  facing  toward  the  end  of 
the  pole.     No.  5  takes  the  corresponding  post  at  the  singletree 
of  the  near  wheel  horse. 

Nos.  6  and  7. 

1.  Spring  to   the  trail    handspikes   and   assist    in   raising   the 
trail. 

2.  Working  at  thf>  end  of  the  pole,  they  assist  in  limbering. 


24  DRILL  REGULATIONS  FIELD  ARTILLERY. 

!3.  At  the  command:  1.  Ready,  2.  HEAVE,  given  by  the  chief 
of  section,  they  work  on  the  maneuvering  bar  and  assist  in 
pushing  the  gun  to  the  traveling  position. 

4.  Assist  Nos.  2  and  3  in  dismounting  the  extension  rail  and 
securing  it  in  its  carrier. 

5.  Assist  iu  replacing  the  gun  cover. 

0.  No.  G  tnkes  post  on  the  left  of  No.  3;  No.  7  on  the  left  of 
No.  5. 

NOTE.. — Before  the  gun  is  returned  to  the  traveling  position 
the  elevating  and  traversing  lock  bolt  should  be  pushed  home, 
otherwise  difficulty  will  be  encountered  in  securing  the  traveling 
lock  bolt. 

In  pushing  the  gun  to  the  traveling  position  care  should  be 
•exercised  to  avoid  jamming  the  recoil  lug  against  the  rear  travel- 
ing lock  leg,  thereby  bending  the  latter  and  rendering  it  im- 
possible to  insert  the  lock  bolt. 

To  Hitch  and  Limber. 

.,202$.  1.  Limber,  2.  MARCH. 

The  cannoneers,  if  not  already  there,  take  posts  as  prescribed 
in  th-e  preceding  paragraphs. 

If  the  teams  are  in  rear  of  their  carriages,  they  move  out 
together,  inclining  well  to  the  right.  The  piece  team  wheels  to 
the  left  so  as  to  move  across  the  end  of  the  pole  of  the  piece. 
>yiien  the  wheel  driver  is  nearly  in  line  with  the  pole,  he  com- 
mands :  1.  Team,  2.  HALT.  The  drivers  then  swing  the  team  to 
the  left,  the  off  wheel  horse  being  made  to  step  over  the  pole. 
No.  3,  assisted  by  No.  (J.  places  the  pole  in  the  neck  yoke  and 
hitches  the  near  wheel  horse.  No.  2  hitches  the  off  wheel  horse. 
When  hitched  the  team  straightens  out  and  tightens  the  traces. 


DRILL  REGULATIONS  FIELD  ARTILLERY.  25 

After  moving  far  enough  to  the  front  the  caisson  team  wheels 
to  the  left  so  as  to  move  across  iu  front  of  the  caisson  limber. 
It  is  halted  at  the  command  of  the  wheel  driver,  and  swung  to 
the  right.  No.  5,  assisted  by  No.  7,  places  the  pole  in  the  neck 
yoke  and  hitches  the  near  wheel  horse.  No.  4  hitches  the  off 
wheel  horse.  When  the  team  has  been  hitched  and  has  straight- 
ened out  and  tightened  the  traces.  No.  4  commands :  DRIVE  ON. 
Nos.  4  and  5  hasten  to  the  front  of  the  caisson.  No.  4  releases 
the  brakes ;  Nos.  4  and  5  then  place  themselves  with  their  backs 
toward  the  chest,  No.  4  on  the  right,  No.  5  on  the  left  of  the 
connecting  pole.  At  the  command  drive  on,  the  caisson  limber 
moves  to  the  front,  makes  a  left  about,  and  is  brought  back  so 
as  to  move  across  in  front  of  the  caisson,  the  right  wheel  pass- 
ing within  about  a  foot  of  the  lunette.  When  the  axle  of  the 
limber  is  nearly  in  line  with  the  connecting  pole  of  the  caisson, 
No.  4  commands:  1.  Limber,  2.  HALT.  The  limber  is  then 
swung  to  the  left,  the  wheels  turning  equally  in  opposite  direc- 
tions, and  is  halted  in  front  of  the  caisson.  With  Nos.  2  and  6 
assisting  at  the  right  wheel,  and  Nos.  3  and  7  at  the  left  wheel, 
the  caisson  limber  is  then  backed  to  its  position.  Nos.  4  and  5 
raise  the  connecting  pole  of  the  caisson  and  place  the  lunette 
over  the  pintle.  No.  4  latches  the  pintle.  No.  5  secures  the  prop 
in  its  traveling  position.  The  gunner  and  No.  1  assist  in  limber- 
ing the  caisson  by  working  at  the  right  and  left  caisson  wheels 
respectively.  All  the  cannoneers  take  their  posts  at  the  car- 
riages limbered. 

If  the  teams  are  posted  on  the  flank,  they  approach  the  car- 
riages in  section  column  and  separate  as  they  reach  the  vicinity 
of  the  carriages,  the  piece  team  passing  along  the  rear,  the 
wcaissou  team  along  tjhe  front  of  the  position.  Each  team  pro- 
ceeds to  its  own  carriage  and  is  hitched  as  prescribed  above. 

203.  Does  not  apply. 


26  DRILL  REGULATIONS  FIELD  ARTILLERY. 

PA  I  IT  III. 
MOUNTED  INSTRUCTION. 

CHAPTER    III.— THE   DRIVER. 

SECTION  III. — PRELIMINARY  INSTRUCTION. 

408.  In  the  field. 

The  piece  team:  The  neck  yoke  is  placed  as  a  support  under 
the  end  of  the  pole.  The  wheel  traces  are  detached  from  the 
collars  only,  and  laid  back  on  the  doubletree. 

The  remainder  of  the  harness  of  the  wheel  horses  Is  placed  on 
the  bucket  brackets  of  the  limber,  the  off  harness  on  the  right. 

The  harness  of  the  near  wheel  swing  horse  is  placed  on  the 
pole  next  to  the  doubletree,  arranged  as  follows:  The  saddle 
with  its  attachments  over  it,  the  blanket  across  the  saddle,  the 
bridle  and  collar  over  the  blanket.  The  off  wheel  swing  harness 
is  placed  next,  then  the  lead  swing  and  the  lead  harness  in  the 
same  order.  The  traces  of  the  wheel  swing,  lead  swing,  and  lead 
harness,  folded  once,  are  placed  across  the  saddle. 

The  caisson  team:  The  pole  prop  is  placed  under  the  end  of 
the  pole.  The  harness  of  the  caisson  team  is  arranged  as  for  the 
piece  team  except  that  the  harness  of  the  wheel  horses  is  placed 
on  the  doubletree,  the  off  harness  on  the  right.  The  neck  yoke  is 
placed  on  the  limber. 

SECTION  IV. — MOUNTED  INSTRUCTION. 

423i.  Necessary  changes  in  distances  and  intervals  due  to  the 
increased  length  of  carriages  and  teams  should  be  made.  The 
length  of  the  piece  hitched  with  team  of  4  pairs,  the  gun  in  its 
traveling  position,  is  about  19  yards ;  that  of  the  caisson  hitched* 
with  team  of  4  pairs  is  about  18  yards.  The  distance  between 
carriages  in  section  column  should  be  about  4  yards. 


DRILL  REGULATIONS  FIELD  ARTILLERY.  27 

The  interval  between  carriages  in  line  and  flank  column  is 
about  21  yards.  The  radius  to  be  used  in  making  the  wheels  and 
the  abouts  is  not  fixed,  but  varies  with  the  degree  of  draft  from 
6  to  12  yards  ;  it  should  be  suili<  iently  large  to  permit  the  team 
to  make  the  movement  with  ease,  all  the  pairs  keeping  in  draft. 

When  it  becomes  necessary  to  increase  or  decrease  distances 
or  intervals,  the  changes  should  be  made  very  gradually. 

The  usual  maneuvering  gait  is  the  walk ;  the  trot  is  excep- 
tional. The  gallop  is  not  used  for  teams  or  carriages  hitched. 

Owing  to  the  difficulty  of  obtaining  precision  of  maneuver  with 
the  heavy  field  artillery  guns,  movements  into  firing  positions 
should,  when  practicable,  be  successive  rather  than  simultaneous. 

TAUT  IV. 

CHAPTER  I.— THE  BATTERY  MOUNTED. 

SECTION   VIII. — MANEUVERS    OF   THE   BATTERY. 

Gaits. 

516.  The  4. 7-inch  gun  batteries  normally  execute  all  move- 
ments at  a  walk ;  but  on  good  roads,  or  for  short  distances,  or 
under  conditions  imperatively  requiring  a  faster  gait  they  may 
take  the  trot. 

SECTION  IX.— To  SUBDIVIDE  THE  I'.AI TFKY  FOR  ACTION. 
550.  1  >o<'s  not  apply. 

SECTION  X. — To  FOKM  JA  BATTEUY  AND  TO  HESUME  A  MATCHING 

FORMATION. 
565.  Does  not  apply. 


28  DRILL  REGULATIONS  FIELD  ARTILLERY. 

PAItT   VII. 

CEREMONIES. 

CHAPTER   I.— GENERAL  RULES. 

699.  At  formations  fur  ceremony  sabers  are  drawn.  At  cere- 
monies mounted  the  pieces  are  in  front  unless  the  formation  is 
in  double  section.  Mounted  officers  in  facing  toward  the  line 
and  in  resuming  their  front  always  execute  a  left  about. 

Staff  officers,  when  not  otherwise  prescribed,  draw  and  return 
saber  with  their  chief. 

In  4.7-inch  gun  batteries  the  cannoneers  are  normally  formed 
in  detachments  marching  in  rear  of  their  pieces  and  caissons. 

Each  gun  squad  marches  in  rear  of  its  piece,  and  each  caisson 
squad  in  rear  of  the  leading  caisson  of  its  section. 

CHAPTER    1 1.— REVIEWS. 
SECTION  I. — GENERAL  HULKS. 

715.  The  4.7-inch  gun  batteries  normally  puss  in  review  at 
the  walk  only. 

SECTION  II. — BATTALION  REVIEW. 

720.  The  battalion  being  in  line,  the  major  faces  to  the  front, 
his  staff  taking  post  in  his  rear ;  the  reviewing  officer  moves  a 
few  yards  toward  the  major  and  halts;  the  major  turns  about, 
commands:  1.  Present,  2.  SABER,  and  again  turns  about  and 
salutes. 

The  reviewing  officer  returns  the  salute;  the  major  turns 
about,  brings  the  battalion  to  carry  saber  and  again  turns  to 
the  front. 


DRILL  REGULATIONS  FIELD  ARTILLERY.  29 

The  reviewing  officer  approaches  to  within  about  6  yards 
of  the  major ;  the  latter  salutes,  returns  saber,  joins  the  re- 
viewing officer,  takes  post  on  his  right,  and  accompanies  him 
around  the  battalion.  The  reviewing  officer  proceeds  to  the 
right  of  the  band,  passes  along  the  front  to  the  left  of  the  line, 
and  returns  to  the  right,  passing  in  rear  of  the  line.  The  re- 
viewing officer  and  those  accompanying  him  salute  the  standard 
when  passing  in  front  of  it. 

While  the  reviewing  officer  is  riding  around  the  battalion  the 
band  plays,  ceasing  when  he  leaves  the  right  to  return  to  his 
post. 

On  arriving  again  at  the  right  of  the  line  the  major  salutes, 
halts,  and,  when  the  reviewing  officer  and  staff  have  passed, 
moves  directly  to  his  post  in  front  of  the  battalion,  faces  it, 
draws  saber,  and  commands :  1.  By  the  right  flank,  2.  MARCH, 
3.  Battalion,  4.  HALT.  The  command  halt  is  given  as  soon  as 
the  carriages  have  completed  the  turn.  The  band  takes  post 
36  yards  in  front  of  the  leading  battery. 

The  column  being  formed,  the  major  commands:  1.  Pass  in 
review,  2.  Forward,  3.  MARCH,  4.  Guide  right.  At  the  com- 
mand march  the  column  marches  off,  the  bank  playing.  Without 
command  from  the  major,  the  column  changes  direction  at  the 
points  indicated,  and  column  of  batteries  at  full  distances  with 
guide  to  the  right  is  formed  successively  to  the  left  at  the 
second  change  of  direction.  The  major  takes  his  post  24  yards 
in  front  of  the  band,  immediately  after  the  second  change.  The 
band,  having  passed  the  reviewing  officer,  turns  to  the  left  out 
of  the  column,  takes  post  in  front  of  and  facing  the  reviewing 
officer  and  remains  there  until  the  review  terminates. 

When  the  major  is  6  yards  from  the  reviewing  officer  he  and 
his  staff  salute,  turning  the  head  and  eyes  sharply  to  the  right. 


30  DRILL  REGULATIONS  FIELD  ARTILLERY. 

When  the  major  has  passed  0  yards  beyond  the  reviewing 
officer  they  resume  the  carry,  turning  the  head  and  eyes  to  the 
front. 

The  other  officers,  noncommissioned  staff  officers,  the  drum 
major,  and  noncommissioned  officers  commanding  platoons 
salute  at  the  point  described  for  the  major,  turning  the  head 
and  eyes  as  above  described. 

The  reviewing  officer  returns  the  salutes  of  the  major  only 
and  salutes  the  standard. 

The  major,  having  saluted,  takes  post  on  the  right  of  the 
reviewing  officer,  remains  there  until  the  rear  of  the  battalion 
has  passed,  then  salutes  and  rejoins  his  battalion.  The  band 
ceases  to  play  when  the  column  has  completed  its  first  change 
of  direction  after  passing  the  reviewing  officer. 

When  sufficient  space  is  available  the  leading  battery  executes 
by  the  right  flank  after  passing  at  least  100  yards  beyond  the 
reviewing  officer,  and  then  by  three  times  executing  column  left 
returns  to  the  ground  originally  occupied  in  column.  The  re- 
maining batteries  execute  the  same  movements  successively  on 
the  same  ground. 

When  the  space  is  restricted  the  major  gives  the  necessary 
orders  for  the  changes  of  direction  after  passing  the  reviewing 
officer.  So  long  as  the  battalion  is  brought  back  in  flunk  col- 
umn, caissons  on  the  right,  to  its  original  position  in  column  it 
is  of  no  importance  whether  the  several  batteries  are  right  or 
left  in  front. 

In  4.7-inch  gun  batteries  the  march  pass  at  trot  will  usually 
be  omitted. 

The  review  terminates  when  the  rear  battery  has  passed 
the  reviewing  officer ;  the  band  then  ceases  to  play  and  rejoins 


DRILL  REGULATIONS  FIELD  ARTILLERY.  31 

the  battalion  or  is  dismissed.     The  major  and  his  staff  rejoin 
the  battalion. 

The  re\?ie\ving  officer  may  prescribe  how  often  the  eoluimi 
shall  pass  in  review  and  the  gait  or  gaits  to  be  used. 

CHAPTER   III. — INSPECTIONS. 

SECTION  III. — BATTERY  INSPECTION. 
Mounted. 

730.  The  battery  being  in  double  section  line,  the  captain 
commands :  1.  Prepare  for  inspection,  2.  ACTION  FRONT. 

At  this  command  the  gun  platoons  are  unlirubered  and  pre- 
pared for  tiring.  The  chiefs  of  the  other  platoons  move  their 
platoons  to  the  rear  by  a  left  about,  and,  after  gaining  sufficient 
distance,  execute  a  second  left  about  and  form  their  platoon^ 
in  double  section  line  abreast  of  the  limbers  of  the  gun  sections. 

The  chief  of  the  first  and  second  platoons  take  post  opposite 
the  center  and  4  yards  in  front  of  the  line  of  muzzles  of  their 
platoons.  The  chiefs  of  the  other  platoons  take  post  opposite 
the  center  and  4  yards  in  front  of  the  lead  drivers  of  their 
platoons. 

All  the  carriages  being  in  position,  the  captain  commands: 
1.  Right,  2.  DRESS,  verifies  the  alignment  of  the  officers  and  the 
two  ranks  of  carriages,  commands:  FRONT,  and  posts  himself, 
when  not  acting  as  inspector,  opposite  the  center  of  the  battery 
and  8  yards  in  front  of  the  line  of  muzzles. 

The  ninth  section  constitutes  an  additional  platoon,  which  is 
commanded  by  the  senior  sergeant  with  it  (488).  When  the 
ninth  section  is  not  present  its  personnel  is  assigned  as  pre- 
scribed in  paragraph  486. 


32  DRILL  REGULATIONS  FIELD  ARTILLERY. 

The  guidon  is  4  yards  from  the  right  flank  of  the  line  ot 
limbers,  abreast  of  the  lead  drivers ;  the  musicians  on  the  right 
of  the  guidon,  all  boot  to  boot. 

The  chiefs  of  section  cause  all  limber,  caisson,  and  wagon 
chests  to  be  opened  for  inspection. 

When  acting  as  inspector  the  captain  inspects  the  chiefs  of 
platoon  from  right  to  left ;  passes  by  the  rear  of  the  battery  to 
the  post  of  the  first  sergeant  and  inspects  him;  thence  by  the 
rear  of  the  battery  to  the  right  flank,  where  he  returns  saber 
and  inspects  the  musicians  and  guidon. 

He  goes  to  the  right  section  of  the  right  platoon  and  inspects 
the  section,  commencing  with  the  chief  of  section,  passing  in 
order  to  the  caisson,  the  gun,  and  the  limbers.  He  then  simi- 
larly inspects  the  other  sections  in  order  from  right  to  left. 

When  the  captain  commences  the  inspection  of  the  right 
platoon  the  chiefs  of  the  other  platoons  cause  their  platoons  to 
stand  at  ease,  calling  them  to  attention  as  the  captain  ap- 
proaches their  platoons.  Each  chief  of  platoon  accompanies  the 
captain  during  the  inspection  of  his  platoon.  As  soon  as  a 
platoon  is  inspected  its  commander  causes  it  to  take  the  march 
order  and  then  to  stand  at  ease.  The  platoon  commander  faces 
his  platoon  while  at  ease. 

The  inspection  being  completed,  in  4.7-inch  gun  batteries  the 
captain  will  limber  in  the  normal  manner  as  for  any  other 
movement,  and  command :  1.  Form  double  section  line,  2. 
MARCH. 

At  the  second  command  the  first  and  second  platoons  execute 
the  movement  (568) ;  the  chiefs  of  the  other  platoons  move 
their  platoons  in  double  section  up  on  the  line  established  by 
the  caissons  of  the  gun  sections. 


DRILL  REGULATIONS  FIELD  ARTILLERY.  33 

PART  IX. 

FIRING  INSTRUCTION. 
CHAPTER  II.— THE  CANNONEERS. 

SECTION  III. — DUTIES  IN  DETAIL  OF  THE  GUNNER. 

854.  The  range  scale  on  the  sight  shank  is  graduated  from 
100  to  9,400  yards,  the  least  reading  being  50  yards.  The  scale 
may  be  readily  set  by  eye  to  read  to  25  yards. 

To  set  off  a  range  on  the  sight  shank:  The  gunner  moves  the 
sight  shank  up  or  down  in  its  socket  until  the  desired  gradua- 
tion is  opposite  the  index.  In  setting  the  range  he  is  careful 
to  lower  his  head  so  as  to  look  squarely  at  the  scale  and  the 
index. 

The  sight  shank  is  moved  up  or  down  by  means  of  a  scroll 
gear  operated  with  the  right  hand.  If  a  considerable  move- 
ment of  the  shank  is  necessary  this  mechanism  is  ungeared  by 
drawing  outward  the  scroll-gear  handle  with  the  right  hand ; 
the  shank  is  then  raised  or  lowered  with  the  left  hand  until 
the  desired  graduation  is  near3  the  index.  The  scroll-gear 
mechanism  is  then  thrown  in  gear  and  utilized  to  set  the 
scale  at  the  exact  setting  desired. 

SKCTION  IV. — DUTIES  IN  DETAIL  OF  No.  1. 

880.  In  indirect  laying  the  range  is  set  off  on  the  range  disk 

of  the  quadrant.     The  range  disk  is  graduated  from  zero  to 

9,400  yards.     The  least  reading  on  the  scale  is  50  yards,  but  the 

range  may  readily  be  set  by  eye  to  a  least  reading  of  25  yards. 

12853°— 17 3 


34  DRILL  REGULATIONS  FIELD  ARTILLERY. 

SECTION  V. — DUTIES  IN  DETAIL  OF  No.  2. 

892.  The  duties  of  No.  2  in  the  service  of  the  piece  are: 

1.  To  receive  the  round  from  No.  4. 

2.  To  insert  the  round  in  the  breech. 

3.  To  throw  the  empty  cartridge  cases  out  of  the  way  of  the 
guii  squad. 

893.  Does  not  apply. 

894.  Does  not  apply. 

895.  Does  not  apply. 
890.  Does  not  apply. 

897.  Does  not  apply. 

898.  Does  not  apply. 

899.  Does  not  apply. 

900.  Does  not  apply. 

To  Receive  the  Round  and  to  Insert  It  in  the  Breech. 

900^.  No.  2  receives  a  round  of  ammunition  from  No.  4  ami 
inserts  it  in  the  chamber.  While  so  doing  he  stands  in  the  most 
convenient  position  to  reach  the  round,  which  is  passed  to  him 
on  the  one  side,  and  to  insert  it  in  the  chamber  on  the  other. 
He  stands  clear  of  the  breech  during  recoil. 

In  loading  the  piece  No.  2  holds  the  middle  of  the  projectile  in 
his  left  arm,  the  base  of  the  cartridge  case  with  his  right  hand. 
He  inserts  the  head  of  the  projectile  in  the  chamber  and  then 
shoves  it  smartly  forward.  The  closing  of  the  breechblock  in- 
sures the  proper  seating  of  the  projectile. 

SECTION  VI. — DUTIES  IN  DETAIL  OF  No.  3. 
902.  The  duties  of  No.  3  in  the  service  of  the  piece  are : 

1.  To  set  the  corrector. 

2.  To  set  the  range  on  the  fuze  setter. 

3.  To  set  the  fuze. 


DRILL  REGULATIONS  FIELD  ARTILLERY.  35 

903.  The  bracket  fuze  setter  is  not  used  with  the  4.7-inch 
materiel.  The  description  given  in  paragraph  903,  Provisional 
Drill  and  Service  Regulations  for  Field  Artillery  (Horse  and 
Light),  applies  in  general  to  the  4.7-inch  hand  fuze  setter,  the 
range  scale  being  graduated  from  0  to  9,700  yards. 

908.  No.  3  is  repeatedly  practiced  in  setting  the  scale  of  the 
fuze  setter  by  command. 

The  caisson  being  in  position  No.  3  places  his  back  to  the 
caisson  and  faces  the  upright  shrapnel  which  has  been  removed 
from  the  caisson  by  No.  5.  The  instructor  then  commands  for 
example:  1.  Corrector  28,  2.  3,600. 

1.  No.  3  sets  off  the  corrector  as  soon  as  it  is  announced. 

2.  Sets  the  range  scale  at  the  range  ordered. 
The  instructor  verifies  the  settings. 

911.  The  hand  fuze  setter  is  habitually  used  with  the  4.7-inch 
materiel.    No.  3  sets  the  scales  in  a  manner  similar  to  that  de- 
scribed for  the  bracket  fuze  setter    (903).     He  also  sets  the 
fuze,  No.  4  holding  the  round.    To  set  the  fuze  with  the  hand,  fuze 
setter  No.  3  engages  the  fuze  setter  on  the  fuze  and  turns  the 
fuze  setter  to  the  right  with  a  steady  and  uniform  motion  until 
the  lug  on  the  fuze  comes  firmly  against  the  fuze-setter  stop. 

SECTION  VII. — DUTIES  IN  DETAIL  OF  No.  4. 

912.  The  duties  of  No.  4  in  the  service  of  the  piece  are : 

1.  To  receive  round  from  No.  5. 

2.  In  time  fire  to  hold  the  shrapnel  for  No.  3  to  set  the  fuze. 

3.  To  pass  projectile  to  No.  2. 

4.  In  volley  lire  to  call  out  number  of  round. 

914.  Does  not  apply. 

915.  Does  not  apply. 


36  DRILL  REGULATIONS  FIELD  ARTILLERY. 

915^.  In  time  tire  No.  4  receives  a  round  from  No.  5,  places 
it  base  downward  on  the  ground,  and  removes  the  waterproof 
cover.  He  holds  each  round  while  No.  3  sets  the  fuze,  and  then 
passes  it  to  No.  2. 

In  percussion  tire,  he  receives  the  ammunition  from  No.  5  and 
passes  it  at  once  to  No.  2. 

916.  Does  not  apply. 

917.  Does  not  apply. 

Si.(  i  ION  A"  1 1 1. — DUTIES  IN  DETAIL  OF  No.  5. 

919.  The  duties  of  No.  5  in  the  service  of  the  piece  are: 

1.  To  take  ammunition  from  the  chest. 

2.  To  pass  the  round  to  No.  4. 

920.  To  take  a  round  from  the  chest,  No.  5  places  himself  to 
the  left  rear  of  the  round   selected,  grasps  the  edge  of  the 
cartridge  case  with  tile  cartridge  hook  held  in  the  right  hand, 
starts  the  round  to  the  rear,  drops  the  cartridge  hook,  grasps  the 
base  of  the  cartridge  case  with  both  hands,  pulls  the  round  to  the 
rear  until  he  can  catch  the  front  of  the  projectile  in  the  hollow 
of  left  arm,  and  passes  it  to  No.  4.    As  soon  as  he  is  relieved  of 
one  round,  No.  5  immediately  takes  another  from  the  chest. 

921.  Does  not  apply. 

922.  Does  not  apply. 

923.  Does  not  apply. 

924.  Does  not  apply. 

SECTION  IX. — DUTIES  OF  Nos.  6  AND  7. 

925.  The  duties  of  Nos.  6  and  7  in  the  service  of  the  piece  are : 
1.  To  shift  trail  so  as  to  give  the  general  direction  of  the  piece. 

926.  Does  not  apply. 


DRILL  REGULATIONS  FIELD  ARTILLERY.  37 

To  Shift  the  Trail. 
.  For  the  assistance  of  No.  6,  the  trail  spade  should  be 


marked  oil  either  side  of  the  center  to  indicate  changes  of  direc- 
tion of  25,  50,  and  75  mils.  These  markings  correspond  roughly 
with  distances  of  3.15,  6.3,  and  9.45  inches  from  the  center. 

926^.  To  shift  the  trail  Nos.  6  and  7  stand  immediately  in 
rear  of  the  trail  handspikes,  No.  6  on  'the  left,  No.  7  on  the 
right,  feet  about  18  inches  apart,  and  grasp  their  respective 
handspikes  with  both  hands. 

When  the  target  is  visible  and  direct  laying  is  used,  No.  6 
sights  along  the  barrel  and  assisted  by  No.  7  shifts  the  trail  so 
as  to  point  the  gun  directly  at  the  target.  Unless  the  target  is 
moving  it  should  not  be  necessary  to  shift  the  trail  during  the 
firing.  In  the  case  of  moving  targets,  Nos.  6  and  7  after  once 
pointing  the  piece  at  the  target,  do  not  shift  the  trail  until  they 
get  the  gunner's  command:  Muzzle  right  (left).  They  then 
shift  the  trail  so  as  to  bring  the  piece  again  on  the  target. 

Whenever  it  is  necessary  to  shift  the  trail  in  direct  laying 
No.  6  watches  the  gunner  and  does  not  have  the  shifting  of  the 
trail  completed  until  the  gunner  has  traversed  the  gun  to  the 
center  or  to  one  extreme  of  its  movement  on  the  carriage  (864). 

Nos.  6  and  7  are  practiced  in  pointing  the  piece  directly  at 
the  target. 

The  piece  being  in  position  and  Nos.  6  and  7  at  the  trail 
handspike  the  instructor  commands  for  example:  Target  that 
house. 

Nos.  6  and  7  point  the  piece  quickly  on  the  designated  target. 

The  instructor  verifies  the  pointing  with  the  panoramic  sight 
set  at  zero  deflection. 

926f.  When  the  piece  is  laid  for  direction  by  the  use  of  an 
aiming  point  (indirect  laying),  Nos.  6  and  7  give  the  original 


38  DRILL  REGULATIONS  FIELD  ARTILLERY. 

direction  to  the  piece  by  shifting  the  trail  in  accordance  with 
the  commands  or  signals  of  the  chief  of  section,  or  of  some  one 
representing  the  chief  of  section. 

To  signal  No.  6  the  chief  of  section  extends  his  arm  toward 
the  trail,  palm  of  the  hand  turned  and  fingers  pointing  in  the 
direction  in  which  the  trail  is  to  be  moved.  To  indicate  that 
the  direction  is  correct  and  that  the  trail  is  to  be  lowered,  the 
chief  of  section  commands:  Trail  down;  the  corresponding 
signal  is  the  bringing  of  the  extended  arm  sharply  to  the  side. 

Nos.  6  and  7  are  practiced  in  giving  the  piece  its  initial  point- 
ing in  indirect  laying.  In  these  exercises  an  aiming  point  is  taken, 
the  sight  is  set  at  an  appropriate  reading  and  the  chief  of  sec- 
tion, looking  along  a  side  of  the  rotating  head,  causes  the  gun 
to  be  given  its  proper  direction. 

No.  6  should  also  be  instructed  as  to  what  should  be  the  ap- 
proximate direction  of  the  piece  when  the  sight  set  at  different 
deflections  is  directed  on  an  aiming  point. 

After  the  initial  direction  has  been  given  Nos.  6  and  7  in 
indirect  laying  shift  the  trail  whenever  the  deflection  is  changed 
by  25  mils  or  more  and  also  whenever  he  gets  the  command: 
Muzzle  right  (left). 

Nos.  6  and  7  thoroughly  understand  that  shifting  the  trail  to 
the  right  (left)  moves  the  muzzle  to  the  left  (right). 

Nos.  6  and  7  are  practiced  in  shifting  the  trail  at  the  com- 
mand for  a  deflection  change  of  25  mils  or  more. 

The  piece  being  in  position  and  Nos.  6  and  7  at  the  trail 
handspikes,  the  sight  directed  on  an  aiming  point,  the  instructor 
commands  for  example :  1.  RIGHT  100,  2.  TRAIL  DOWN. 

1.  At  the  command  Right  100  No.  6  assisted  by  No.  7  moves 
the  trail  to  the  left  until  the  trail  spade  graduation  100  is  over 
that  point  on  the  ground  which  was  under  the  zero  graduation 
before  the  shift. 


DRILL  REGULATIONS  FIELD  ARTILLERY.  39 

2.  The  instructor  makes  the  appropriate  change  in  the  deflec- 
tion setting  and  verifies  the  accuracy  of  the  work  of  No.  6. 

SECTION   X. — COMBINED   TRAINING   AT  THE   PIECE   AND  AT  THE 

CAISSON. 

927.  The  duties  of  the  gunner  and  Nos.  1,  6.  and  7  are 
mutually  dependent.  So  also  are  those  of  Nos.  2,  3,  4,  and  5. 
Hence  it  is  advisable  at  an  early  stage  of  instruction  to  train 
each  of  these  combinations  separately.  The  same  practice  may 
be  used  to  advantage  from  time  to  time  after  the  drill  of  the 
gun  squad  in  the  firing  battery  has  been  taken  up. 

CHAPTER  III.— EXERCISES  PRELIMINARY  TO  INSTRUCTION  OF 
THE  FIRING  BATTERY. 

SECTION   II. — To  MOVE  BY   HAND  THE  CARRIAGES   UNLIMBEKED. 

937.  See  paragraphs  191,  192,  and  192i  (ante). 

SECTION  III. — PREPARATION  FOR  ACTION  AND  MARCH  ORDER. 

938.  Does  not  apply. 

939.  Does  not  apply. 

940.  Does  not  apply. 

941.  Does  not  apply. 

9-42.  See  paragraph  202  (ante). 
943.  Does  not  apply. 

CHAPTER    IV.— THE    FIRING    BATTERY    AND    THE    DUVIES    OF 
ITS  GUN   SQUADS. 

SECTION  I. — COMPOSITION,  FORMATION,  AND  INSTRUCTION  OF  THE 

FIRING  BATTERY. 

945.  For  the  instruction  of  recruits  the  drill  of  the  gun 
squads  is  at  first  carried  on  in  the  park.  Later  the  instruction 
of  the  firing  battery  is  carried  on  over  all  forms  of  terrain 
available. 


40  DEILL  REGULATIONS  FIELD  ARTILLERY. 

In  the  field  it  is  desirable  that  the  guns  be  placed  approxi- 
mately in  line  with  regular  intervals  of  approximately  20  yards 
between  adjacent  gun  wheels.  It  is  more  important  that  the 
intervals  be  regular  than  that  they  be  exactly  20  yards.  Each 
chief  of  section  cautions  (Such)  piece,  or,  No.  (So-and-so),  as 
soon  as  his  carriages  have  been  established  in  position  (47). 

In  the  park  the  limbered  carriages  are  formed  in  line  or 
column  of  double  sections,  the  caisson  of  each  section  being 
alongside  of  and  at  two  yards  interval  from  its  piece,  at  such 
intervals  or  distances  between  sections  as  may  be  practicable. 
By  the  execution  of  action  front  (rear,  right,  or  left)  the  car- 
riages are  placed  in  line  in  the  firing  position  at  sufficient  inter- 
vals for  the  drill  of  the  gun  squads. 

SECTION  III. — MEASURES  FOB  FACILITATING  THE  RAPID  OPENING 

OF  FIRE. 

954.  The  targets  for  light  field  guns  are  most  frequently  at  a 
site  of  about  300  and  at  ranges  near  6,000  yards.  Hence  the 
setting  of  sights,  quadrants,  and  fuze  setters  at  Site  300,  Cor- 
rector 30,  Range  6000,  in  the  absence  of  exact  data,  and  the 
leveling  of  instruments  tend  to  hasten  the  opening  of  fire.  If 
indirect  laying  is  to  be  used  the  aiming  point  is  usually  known 
as  soon  as  the  carriages  are  unlimbered. 

Since  the  front  of  the  battery  is  usually  established  about 
perpendicular  to  the  direction  in  which  fire  is  to  be  delivered, 
the  head  of  the  panoramic  sight  should  be  turned  on  the  aiming 
point  as  soon  as  the  gun,  prepared  for  action,  is  fully  estab- 
lished in  its  position. 

It  is  frequently  practicable  to  communicate  most  of  the  firing 
data  and  to  set  the  instruments  before  occupying  a  position,  or 
at  least  some  time  before  the  fire  is  to  be  opened. 


DRILL  REGULATIONS  FIELD  ARTILLERY.  41 

If  no  target  is  visible  or  none  has  been  assigned  to  the  bat- 
tery when  the  position  is  occupied,  the  captain  selects  a  promi- 
nent point  near  the  center  of  the  sector  he  is  to  cover  and 
causes  the  guns  to  be  laid  upon  it. 

SECTION  VI. — PROJECTILES,  FUZES,  KINDS  OF  FIRE. 

982.  For  convenience  the  fuze  setter  for  setting  the  time 
fuze  is  graduated  in  range.  But  due  to  errors  of  the  fuze  and 
other  causes  the  base  charge  will  not  always  explode  at  exactly 
the  range  set  off.  Moreover,  it  is  sometimes  necessary  to  vary 
the  height  of  burst.  For  this  the  fuze  setter  is  arranged  to 
permit  changing  the  fuze  setting  without  changing  the  range 
reading  on  the  fuze  setter.  The  device  for  accomplishing  this 
is  called  the  corrector.  A  corrector  of  about  40  ordinarily  givas 
a  height  of  burst  of  about  5  mils  as  seen  from  the  guns.  This 
height  of  burst  is  called  normal.  Raising  the  corrector  shortens 
the  part  of  the  time  train  which  must  burn  before  the  base 
charge  is  reached  and  therefore  raises  the  height  of  burst. 
Lowering  the  corrector  lengthens  the  time  of  burning  and 
lowers  the  height  of  burst. 

SECTION  IX. — METHODS  OF  FIRE. 

1007.  The  commands  for  sweeping  are:  Battery  (So  many) 
rounds,  sweeping,  or,  Right  (Left),  (So  many)  rounds,  sweeping. 
The  execution  is  the  same  as  that  of  volley  fire  (1003-1005) 
in  every  respect,  except  that  after  the  first  and  each  succeeding 
round  of  the  sweep  the  gunner  traverses  the  piece  to  the  left 
by  one  full  turn  of  the  traversing  handwheel,  disregarding 
accurate  laying  in  direction. 

As  soon  as  the  last  round  of  the  sweep  has  been  fired,  the 
gunner  traverses  the  piece  back  to  the  right  until  the  line  of 


42  DRILL  REGULATIONS  FIELD  ARTILLERY. 

sight  is  again  on  the  right  of  his  portion  of  the  target  or  on  the 
aiming  point. 

SECTION  XII. — COMBINED  DUTIES  OF  THE  MEMBERS  OF  THE  GUN 

SQUADS. 

1028.  In  indirect  laying  it  is  not  necessary  for  the  gunner  to 
set  the  range  exactly.     During  direct  laying  the  exact  setting 
of  the  sight  for  range  is  essential.    Rapidity  on  the  part  of  the 
gunner  in  traversing  the  piece  to  the  center  of  its  traverse  when 
the  trail  is  to  be  shifted  in  indirect  laying  facilitates  the  work 
of  the  chief  of  section.     Similarly,  for  direct  laying  at  moving 
targets  the  work  of  Nos.  6  and  7  is  greatly  facilitated  if  the  gun- 
ner, when  the  trail  must  be  shifted,  rapidly  traverses  the  gun  as 
far  as  it  will  go  in  the  direction  opposed  to  that  in  which  the 
target  is  moving.    The  gunner  must  not  interfere  with  the  ele- 
vating mechanism  in  indirect  laying. 

1029.  No.  1  helps  No.  2  by  opening  the  breech  before  the 
gun  has  returned  into  battery  and  by  seeing  that  the  block 
remains  fully  away  from  the  breech.     No.  1  must  not  interfere 
with  the  elevating  mechanism  during  direct  laying. 

1030.  As  soon  as  the  battery  goes  into  position  and  is  pre- 
pared for  action,  No.  5  withdraws  a  round  of  shrapnel  from  the 
chest  and  passes  it  to  No.  4,  who  places  it  on  the  ground  and 
holds  it  while  No.  3  sets  the  fuze.    This  operation  is  repeated 
as  soon  as  the  round  has  been  passed  to  No.  2.     Whatever  the 
kind  of  fire,  No.  5  always  has,  during  firing,  a  round  of  ammuni- 
tion ready  to  pass  to  No.  4.    No.  2,  in  percussion  fire,  loads  the 
piece  immediately  after  the  breech  has  been  opened.     To  this 
end,  as  soon  as  he  has  taken  a  round  of  ammunition  from  No. 
4,  he  stands  at  the  breech  ready  to  load  as  soon  as  it  has  been 
opened.     He  takes  care  that  no  part  of  his  body  shall  be  in 


DRILL  REGULATIONS  FIELD  ARTILLERY.  43 

the  way  of  the  gun  during  recoil.  In  volley  fire  with  time 
shrapnel,  when  more  than  one  round  is  fired,  No.  2,  after  the 
fuze  has  been  set,  stands  ready,  as  in  percussion  fire,  to  load 
each  round  after  the  first. 

1031.  Whenever  Nos.  6  and  7  require  assistance  in  shifting 
the  trail,  the  chief  of  section  designates  the  cannoneers  who  are 
to  assist  and  the  places  at  which  they  are  to  work. 

CH AFTER  V.— REPLACEMENT    OF  AMMUNITION   AND   OF   CASU- 
ALTIES. 

1034.  The  ammunition  in  the  caissons  of  the  gun  sections  is 
ordinarily  replenished  from  such  ammunition  as  may  be  stored 
near  the  guns  and  from  the  caissons  of  the  fifth  section. 

When  the  battery  is  not  under  fire  this  replenishment  should 
be  more  or  less  continuous  and  may  be  carried  on  by  Nos.  & 
and  9  under  the  immediate  supervision  of  the  chief  mechanic. 
When  the  battery  is  under  fire,  or  for  other  reasons,  it  may  be 
necessary  to  take  advantage  of  lulls  in  the  action  and  to  utilize 
all  cannoneers  in  drawing  ammunition  from  that  stored  or  in 
the  fifth  section  caissons. 

1035.  Does  not  apply. 

1039.  The  executive  under  the  direction  of  the  captain  has 
charge  of  the  replacement  of  casualties.  Every  effort  must  be 
made  to  prevent  the  personnel  with  any  piece  in  action  from 
falling  below  a  strength  of  two  noncommissioned  officers  and 
seven  privates. 

Service  of  the  Piece  with  Reduced  Numbers. 

1041.  In  order  to  accustom  the  squad  to  maintaining  the 
service  of  the  piece  when  its  strength  is  reduced  by  casualties  in 
action,  the  instructor  causes  certain  cannoneers  to  fall  out  and 


44 


DRILL  REGULATIONS  FIELD  ARTILLERY. 


assigns  their  duties  to  the  cannoneers  who  are  retained,  as  fol- 
lows : 


Cannoneers  retained 

Distribution  of  duties. 

G 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 
6 

G.I,  2,3,4,5.  6 

G 
G 
G 
G 

1 
1 
1 
1 

2,7 
2,7 
2,7 
2,4,7 

3 
3 
3 
3,5,6 

4 
4,6 
4,5,6 

5 
5 

G,l,2,3,4,5  

G,  1,2,3  4 

G,  1,2,3  

CHAPTER  VI.— SERVICE  FIRINGS. 

SECTION  VIII. — PREPARATION  OF  FIBE. 

1171.  Does  not  apply. 

1172.  Does  not  apply. 

1173.  Does  not  apply. 

1174.  Does  not  apply. 

1183.  To  overcome  the  effects  of  wind  and  drift,  a  correction 
in  deflection  may  be  necessary.  Its  amount  is  generally  small, 
however,  and  with  a  little  experience  may  be  readily  estimated. 

The  correction  for  drift  is  always  additive ;  that  for  wind  may 
be  either  additive  or  subtractive,  depending  upon  the  direction 
of  the  wind.  The  value  of  each  correction  is  first  estimated; 
they  are  then  combined  to  secure  the  resultant  correction. 

1217.  The  corrector  setting  should  be  such  as  will  cause  the 
mean  point  of  burst  to  be  about  5  mils  high  during  fire  for 
effect ;  about  1  mil  high  during  fire  for  adjustment. 

Due  to  variations  in  powders  and  fuze  compositions  and  to 
atmospheric  conditions,  and  to  errors  in  the  determination  of 
the  site,  the  most  suitable  corrector  must  be  determined  in  each 
individual  instance.  Hence,  at  the  commencement  of  fire,  a  trial 


DRILL  REGULATIONS  FIELD  ARTILLERY.  46 

corrector  must  be  taken.  This  trial  corrector  is  such  as  is  sug- 
gested by  previous  experience  with  the  ammunition  in  use  and 
with  local  atmospheric  conditions. 

SECTION  IX. — OBSERVATION  OF  FIRE, 

1245.  When  the  shrapnel  bursts,  the  smoke,  white  or  light 
gray  in  appearance,  is  projected  in  the  direction  of  the  tra- 
jectory. The  point  of  burst  is  therefore  always  above  the  cen- 
ter of  the  smoke  ball.  At  ranges  beyond  about  3,000  yards 
the  point  of  burst  is  near  to  or  above  the  summit  of  the  smoke 
ball,  and  the  latter,  observed  from  near  the  plane  of  fire,  is 
seen  in  a  pear-shaped  form,  small  end  uppermost. 

1257.  For  convenience,  bursts  are  classified  as  follows: 

Graze:   Bursts  on  impact. 

Below:  Air  bursts  below  the  target. 

Graze  below :  Graze  bursts  below  the  target. 

Low:  Air  bursts  from  zero  to  3  mils  above  the  bottom  of  the 
target. 

Normal:  Air  bursts  from  3  to  6  mils  above  the  bottom  of  the 
target. 

High:  Air  bursts  from  6  to  8  mils  above  the  bottom  of  the 
target. 

Very  high:  Air  bursts  more  than  8  mils  above  the  bottom  of 
the  target. 

SECTION  XII. — CONDUCT  OF  FIRE. 

1308.  When  one-half  of  a  salvo  burst  on  graze  and  one-half 
in  air  a  mean  height  of  burst  of  0  mils  is  indicated. 
1867.  Does  not  apply. 
1369.  No  data  available  for  4.7-inch  gun. 


46  DRILL  REGULATIONS  FIELD  ARTILLERY. 

1377.  In  general  applies.  The  front  covered  by  4.7-inch 
shrapnel  is  somewhat  greater  than  that  of  3-inch  shrapnel. 

1388.  Fire  at  will  is  employed  solely  for  the  close  defense  of 
the  guns. 

Against  a  slowly  moving  enemy,  such  as  Infantry,  the  tire 
should  be  commenced  when  he  has  arrived  within  about  500 
yards  of  the  gun ;  against  a  rapidly  moving  enemy,  such  as 
Cavalry,  when  he  has  arrived  within  about  1,000  yards;  the 
purpose  in  both  cases  being  surely  to  establish  a  fire-swept  zone 
through  which  the  enemy  must  pass  in  order  to  reach  the  guns. 

SECTION  XIV. — TABGETS. 

1413.  In  general  applies.  No  exact  data  available  for  4.7- 
inch  gun. 

1415.  Applies  in  general  to  4.7-inch  gun. 

PART  X. 

ARTILLERY  IN  THE  FIELD. 
CHAPTER   IV. — CHOICE  OF  POSITION. 

SECTION  II. — LIMBERS,  COMBAT  TRAINS,  AND  AMMUNITION  TBAIN. 

1556.  The  position  to  be  occupied  and  the  formation  to  be 
taken  by  the  teams  depend  upon  the  nature  of  the  cover  avail- 
able. To  secure  the  maximum  protection  and  to  have  free  and 
prompt  access  to  the  guns  are  the  objects  in  view  in  the  choice 
of  position  for  the  teams. 

Concealment  from  view  and  protection  from  fire  as  well  are 
secured  by  placing  the  teams  behind  vertical  cover.  When  such 
cover  is  available,  the  teams  are  ordinarily  placed  in  section  or 
double  section  column  parallel  to  the  cover. 


DRILL  REGULATIONS  FIELD  ARTILLERY.  4T 

Ridges  having  easy  slopes  afford  concealment  from  view. 
They  do  not,  however,  afford  protection  from  searching  fire. 
The  effect  of  searching  fire  in  such  cases  may  be  avoided  or 
greatly  reduced  in  amount  by  placing  the  teams  more  than  400 
yards  in  rear  of  the  covering  crest. 

If  the  teams  can  not  be  echeloned  with  respect  to  the  firing 
batteries,  they  should  be  at  least  500  yards  in  rear  of  the  guns. 

When  it  is  impracticable  to  conceal  the  teams  from  the  view 
of  the  enemy,  they  should  be  posted  as  far  from  the  guns  as 
the  conditions  of  the  case  warrant  and  formed  in  line,  faced 
toward  the  enemy,  with  as  wide  intervals  between  teams  as  the 
ground  will  permit. 

CHAPTER   V. — DEFILADE  AND  COVER. 

1564.  Training    may    enable    officers    to    make    approximate 
solutions   of   the   problem   by   the   simple   estimation    (1175). 
Simple  methods  based  on  approximate  measures  may  give  still 
more  accurate  results. 

Such  methods  are  dependent  upon  the  angles  of  elevation  cor- 
responding to  the  various  ranges.  For  the  4.7-inch  gun  these 
angles  may  be  quickly  determined  approximately  as  follows: 
For  ranges  up  to  2,500  yards,  the  angle  of  departure  is  twice  the 
number  of  hundreds  of  yards  of  range.  This  rule  is  useful  in 
determining  the  drop  of  the  projectile  in  reaching  the  ma&k. 
For  ranges  above  2,500  yards,  the  angle  of  departure  is  50  less 
than  four  times  the  number  of  hundreds  of  yards  of  range.  This 
rule  gives  close  approximation  at  midranges  and  less  than  the 
correct  values  at  all  ranges,  so  that  it  is  a  safe  rule  for  use  in 
clearing  the  mask. 

1565.  When  the  position  considered  is  on  the  reverse  slope 
the  possible  positions  in  which  the  guns  may  be  placed  may  be 


48  DKILL  REGULATIONS  FIELD  ARTILLERY. 

determined  as  follows:  The  observer,  mounted,  places  himself 
so  that  the  target  or  terrain  on  which  the  target  is  expected  is 
just  visible  over  the  covering  crest.  If  the  distance  of  the  ob- 
server to  the  crest  is  75  yards  or  over,  the  guns  may  be  placed 
anywhere  on  the  reverse  slope  so  long  as  this  slope  remains  ap- 
proximately regular  and  yet  be  able  to  clear  the  crest  at  ranges 
of  2,000  yards  and  over. 

This  method  rests  on  the  assumption  that  the  height  of  the 
eye  of  a  man  mounted  is  about  3  yards  above  the  ground.  Since 
the  observer,  mounted,  is  so  placed  that  the  line  from  his  eye  to 
the  target  is  tangent  to  the  crest,  the  slope,  when  he  is  75  yards 
from  the  crest,  is  1  on  25.  A  slope  of  1  on  25  is  equivalent  to  an 
angle  of  40  mils,  which  corresponds  to  a  range  of  2,000  yards. 

If  the  distance  of  a  dismounted  observer  is  50  yards  from  the 
crest  when  the  target  is  just  visible  above  the  mask,  the  guns 
may  be  placed  somewhat  down  the  slope  from  the  observer  and 
yet  be  available  to  fire  at  a  range  as  short  as  2,000  yards.  The 
reasons  for  this  are  similar  to  those  outlined  in  the  preceding 
paragraph. 

1566.  Similar  methods  to  those  above  described  enable  a 
reconnaissance  officer  to  approximate  the  least  range  corre- 
sponding to  a  position  on  any  reverse  slope.  The  height,  about 
1  yard  of  the  axis  of  the  bore  above  the  ground  as  well  as  the 
errors  in  the  assumptions,  tend  toward  certainty  of  the  trajec- 
tory clearing  the  crest.  When  friendly  troops  occupy  the  cover- 
ing crest  or  when  the  position  of  the  guns  is  several  hundred 
yards  from  the  masks,  allowance  for  safety  may  readily  be 
made. 

Thus,  if  the  reverse  slope  is  1  on  20  and  it  is  desired  that  the 
trajectory  pass  10  mils  above  the  covering  crest,  the  guns  may 
be  placed  practically  anywhere  on  the  slope  and  yet  clear  the 
crest  at  a  least  range  of  about  2,800  yards. 


DRILL  REGULATIONS  FIELD  ARTILLERY.  49 

1567.  When  mountains   are   visible  in  the  direction  of  the 
targets  or  when  certain  cloud  conditions  exist  with  sufficient 
stability,  it  is  sometimes  possible  to  locate  a  point  at  a  height 
above  the  target  equal,  or  nearly  so,  to  the  elevation  correspond- 
ing to  the  range.    When  this  is  possible  the  position  of  the  guns 
giving  the  maximum  defilade  may   readily  be  determined   as 
follows:  From  the  covering  crest  select  the  nearest  target,  or 
point,  on  which  fire  is  to  be  delivered.    With  the  hand  lay  off 
above  the  target   the  corresponding  elevation  and   locate   the 
resulting  point.     Moving  down  the  reverse  slope  the  guns  can 
be  placed  anywhere  so  long  as  this  auxiliary  point  is  visible. 
For  example,  from  the  covering  crest  the  observer  locates  the 
nearest  target  and  estimates  its  range  as  2,000  yards,  for  which 
the  elevation  is  40  mils.    Laying  off  a  vertical  angle  of  40  mils 
from  the  target  he  locates  a  certain  natural  feature.     He  then 
goes  down  the  reverse  slope  until  this  feature  is,  just  visible 
above  the  covering  crest.    This  position  is  that  giving  the  maxi- 
mum possible  defilade.    If  the  resulting  position  is  several  hun- 
dred yards  away  from  the  crest,  allowance  must  be  made  for  the 
drop  of  the  trajectory  from  the  line  of  departure.    Ten  mils,  for 
example,  may  readily  be  allowed  by  determining  the  position 
from  which  the  located  point  will  appear  at  that  angle  above 
the  covering  crest. 

1568.  In   rolling   country    practically    any   position    on    the 
counterslope  may  be  occupied.    In  more  broken  country  the  fol- 
lowing method  may  be  of  assistance:  Locate  the  point  on  the 
counterslope  from  which  the  nearest  target  upon  which  fire  is 
to  l>e  delivered  is  just  visible  above  the  covering  crest.    Estimate 
the  range  to  the  target  and  to  the  covering  crest.     Determine 
the  elevation  corresponding  to  the  range  from  the  covering  crest 

12853°— 17 4 


50  DRILL  REGULATIONS  FIELD  ARTILLERY. 

to  the  target.  Consider  each  unit  of  the  number  of  hundreds 
of  yards  to  the  crest  as  one-tenth  and  multiply  the  resulting 
decimal  by  the  elevation  just  determined.  Considering  the 
product  obtained  as  yards  and  going  down  the  slope  toward  the 
covering  crest,  the  guns  may  be  placed  in  any  position  so  long  as 
their  vertical  distance  in  yards  below  the  point  on  the  counter- 
slope  from  which  the  target  could  be  seen  is  less  than  the  product 
mentioned. 

For  example,  standing  at  the  point  on  the  counterslope  from 
which  the  nearest  target  is  just  visible  above  the  covering  crest 
the  range  to  the  target  is  estimated  as  2,500  and  the  distance  to 
the  covering  crest  as  500.  The  difference,  or  the  range  from  the 
covering  crest  to  the  target,  is  2,000  and  the  elevation  corre- 
sponding to  2,000  is  40  mils.  Multiplying  0.5  by  40  we  obtain  20. 
The  guns  may  be  placed  20  yards  vertically  belo\v  the  observer. 

This  method  makes  ample  provision  for  certainty  in  clearing 
the  covering  crest. 

1570.  Applies  in  general  to  4.7-inch  materiel.  Dimensions 
given  should  be  altered  to  accommodate  4.7-inch  nmte>iel. 

CHAPTER   X.      AMMUNITION    SUPPLY. 

1717.  The  ammunition  on  hand  for  4.7-inch  field  guns,  in- 
cluding that  carried  in  the  ammunition  train,  is  336  rounds  per 
gun,  distributed  as  follows  : 

Rounds. 

With  the  firing  battery-—  '---  7T 

With  the  combat  trains 91 

With  the  ammuntion  train. ._  1C8 


Total-  836 


DRILL  REGULATIONS  FIELD  ARTILLERY.  51 

CHAPTER  XII.— TRANSPORTATION   BY   RAIL  AND   WATER. 

SECTION  I. — BY  RAIL. 

1733.  The  carriages  are  transported  on  flat  or  gondola  cars 
or  occasionally  in  automobile  cars.  Flat  cars  are  more  con- 
venient to  load  and  unload,  especially  when  permanent  facilities 
are  not  available. 

The  flat  cars  usually  furnished  vary  in  length  from  34  to  44 
feet,  but  cars  longer  than  42  feet  are  unusual.  In  loading  a 
battery  during  service  operations  it  is  desirable  to  keep  com- 
plete gun  sections  together.  The  ordnance  carriages  of  a  4.7- 
inch  gun  battery  on  war  footing  may  be  thus  loaded,  when  cars 
at  least  38  feet  long  are  available,  in  the  following  manner : 
4  cars,  each  to  contain — 

1  guji  and  its  limber. 

2  caisson  limbers. 
2  caissons. 

2  cars,  each  to  contain— 

2  caisson  limbers. 

2  caissons. 

1  battery,  or  store  wagon  with  its  limber. 

1733£.  A  convenient  way  to  load  is  as  follows:  A  caisson 
with  trail  toward  middle  of  car,  followed  by  other  caissons 
similarly  placed  or  by  caisson  limbers  with  poles  elevated  and 
resting  on  chest  of  carriage  next  loaded,  and  with  gun  and  its 
limber  at  the  end  of  the  car,  the  gun  in  the  firing  position  with 
its  limber  in  front  of  it  and  reversed  so  as  to  bring  the  pole 
under  the  trail  of  the  gun.  All  carriages  should  be  so  loaded 
that  their  tires  bear  squarely  against  the  tires  of  adjacent  car- 
riages on  the  car. 

On  account  of  tunnels  and  overhead  crossings  great  care  must 
be  taken  that  the  ends  of  the  elevated  limber  poles  do  not  ex- 


$2  DRILL  REGULATIONS  FIELD  ARTILLERY. 

tend  higher  than  the  roof  of  the  highest  car  of  the  train.  As 
an  additional  precaution  the  elevated  poles  should  be  so  secured 
as  to  prevent  vertical  rotation  upward. 

1749.  When  the  command  is  on  war  footing,  the  cars  required 
for  the  regimental  headquarters,  the  headquarters  company,  the 
supply   company,   and   one  battalion  headquarters  are  as  fol- 
lows : 

Flat  cars 9 

Box  cars  for  stores,  harness,  etc 2 

Box  car  for  forage 1 

Stock  cars 11 

Baggage  car,  or  box  car  with  end  doors 1 

Tourist  kitchen  car 1 

Sleeping  cars „  3 

• 

Total  cars 28 

1750.  The  cars  required  to  move  a  4.7-inch  gun  battery  on 
a  peace  footing  are,  in  the  sequence  in  which  the  train  is  ar- 
ranged, as  follows: 

Flat  cars,  at  least  38  feet  long 5 

Box  car  for  ammunition . 1 

Box  car  for  stores,  harness,  etc 1 

Box  car  for  forage 1 

Stock   cars 7 

Baggage  car,  or  box  car  with  end  doors 1 

"Tourist  kitchen  car 1 

Sleeping  cars 3 


Total  cars 20 

If  no  boxed  ammunition  is  to  be  transported,  the  number  of 
box  cars  may  be  reduced  by  one.     If  no  stores  other  than  those 


DRILL  REGULATIONS  FIELD  ARTILLERY.  53 

which  are  carried  on  the  march  are  to  accompany  the  battery, 
the  number  of  box  cars  may  be  further  reduced.  The  number 
of  stock  cars  is  sufficient  to  provide  a  separate  car  for  privately 
owned  mounts.  The  number  of  sleeping  cars  required  will  vary 
from  time  to  time  according  to  the  number  of  men  and  animals 
authorized  by  law. 

If  tourist  kitchen  cars  are  not  obtainable,  the  number  of  bag- 
gage cars  and  of  sleepers  must  each  be  increased  by  one. 

When  the  extra  caissons  for  a  war  footing  are  to  be  taken, 
six  flat  cars  are  necessary,  unless  exceptionally  long  cars  are 
available. 

1751.  When  the  4.7-inch  gun  battery  is  on  a  war  footing  the 
cars  required  are: 

Flat  cars 6 

Box  car  for  ammunition 1 

Box  car  for  stores,  harness,  etc 1 

Box  car  for  forage 1 

Stock  cars 10 

Baggage  car,  or  box  car  with  end  doors 1 

Tourist  kitchen  car 1 

Sleeping  cars 5 


Total  cars 26 

The  same  remarks  as  to  reductions  and  increases  of  cars  apply 
as  in  the  case  of  the  battery  on  a  peace  fooling,  except  that  five 
tourist  sleepers  are  sufficient  to  accommodate  the  personnel  with 
but  little  crowding. 

1771.  The  vehicles  are  secured  with  4  by  4  inch  timbers  as 
follows : 

Pieces  nailed  to  the  floor  of  the  car  on  both  sides  of  each  wheel 
prevent  transverse  motion.  These  should  be  as  long  as  prac- 
ticable. 


54  DRILL  REGULATIONS  FIELD  ARTILLERY. 

Pieces  in  front  anil  rear  of  each  wheel  prevent  longitudinal 
motion.  These  should  be  7  feet  long  and  are  placed  on  and 
nailed  to  the  pieces  which  lie  alongside  the  wheels. 

Pieces  placed  over  the  lowest  part  of  the  felloes  and  secured 
to  the  timbers  which  lie  alongside  the  wheels  prevent  vertical 
motion.  These  should  be  7  feet  long.  Small  blocks  nailed  to  the 
side  timbers  fore  and  aft  of  these  crosspieces  assist  in  securing 
them ;  7-inch  spikes  should  be  used  for  this  purpose. 

Spare  timbers  should  be  secured  to  each  car  so  that  material 
for  repairs  may  be  available  en  route. 

Two  2  by  4  timbers  one  nailed  on  top  of  the  other  may  well 
in  all  cases  be  used  instead  of  a  single  4  by  4. 

1772.  The  necessary  timber  and  nails  are  furnished  by  the 
quartermaster.  The  most  economical  length  of  timber  is  14  or  1C 
feet. 

Whenever  possible  the  proper  lengths  for  crosspieces,  blocks, 
•etc.,  should  be  cut  before  the  time  for  loading. 

The  material  necessary  for  each  battery  is  as  follows : 

One  thousand  eight  hundred  linear  feet  of  4  by  4  inch  timber, 
or  3;600  linear  feet  of  2  by  4  inch  timber. 

One  hundred  and  fifty  pounds  20-penny  (4-inch)  nails. 

Twenty  pounds  7-inch  nails. 

For  each  three  field  wagons  or  reel  cars  250  feet  of  timber  and 
10  pounds  of  nails  should  be  allowed. 


JV 


APPENDIX  A. 
TRACTOR-DRAWN  BATTERIES. 

1.  So  far  as  has  yet  been  determined  it  seems  best  in  4.7-inch 
gun  batteries  furnished  with  tractors  that  no  animals  be  pres 
fiit  with  the  organization.     Five  tractors  will  be  furnished  to 
pull  the  firing  battery,  while  the  combat  train  will   consist  of 
trucks  in  numbers  that  will  vary  according  to  their  capacity. 
Just  what  method  will  be  adopted  for  the  transportation  of  the 
special  details  has  not  yet  been  decided.    The  officers  will  prob- 
ably be  transported  in  one  or  more  automobiles. 

2.  When  desired,  the  gun  detachments  of  a  tractorized  4.7- 
inch  gun  battery  may  be  mounted  exactly  as  with  horsed  ma- 
tt-rial, with  the  following  modifications: 

(a)  The  chief  of  section  on  the  seat  provided  on  the  armored 
cover  of  the  gasoline  tank. 

(6)  The  caisson  corporal,  if  present,  on  the  gun  in  front  of 
the  wheels  or  as  a  fifth  man  on  one-  of  the  chests.  This  last 
method  is  not  recommended. 

3.  The  fifth  section,  with  its  tractor  and  two  caissons,  pro- 
vides  seating  accommodation   for   seven   men,    and   will   conse- 
quently permit  of  the  mounting  of  all   the  special  details,   if 
necessary,  as  well  as  such  men  as  it  may  be  desired  to  keep  with 
the  carriage. 

4.  The  caisson  squads  of  the  caissons  of  the  combat  train  may 
be  mounted,  on   the   ammunition   trucks,   provided   this   weight 

55 


56  DRILL  REGULATIONS  FIELD  ARTILLERY. 

does  not  bring  the  total  load  above  the  truck's  rated  capacity. 
In  this  case  their  number  must  be  reduced,  less  ammunition 
carried,  or  trucks  of  greater  capacity  employed,  or  else  other 
means  must  be  provided  for  their  accommodation.  These  men 
constitute  the  reserve  for  the  replacement  of  casualties  in  the 
firing  battery.  As  a  consequence  their  presence  near  enough  to 
the  firing  battery  must  be  assured  in  some  way  and  not  left  to 
chance.  This  question  is  still  under  consideration. 

General  Provisions. 

5.  On  flat,  even,  and  hard  terrain,  tractors  and  trucks  can  be 
expected  to  maneuver  with  a  fair  degree  of  accuracy,  but  if  any 
of  the  above  conditions  are  absent  it  is  impossible. 

While  road  marching,  it.  will  be  found  difficult  to  keep  the  dis- 
tance as  uniform  over  uneven  terrains  as  with  horsed  vehicles, 
but  if  the  speed  of  the  leading  tractor  be  properly  regulated  it 
can  be  done. 

6.  In  a  battery  equipped  with  tractors,  instead  of  a  driver- 
squad,  there  should  be  two  men  with  each  tractor,  one  as  a  driver 
and  one  as  a  helper.     Both  are  essential ;  other  men  trained  to 
the  work  should  also  be  available  to  take  their  places. 

Formations. 

7.  Whether  in  line,  column  or  double  column,  gun  sections 
are  always  attached  to  the  tractor  in  the  following  order  from 
front  to  rear :  Caisson,  with  limber  leading,  then  the  piece  limber 
and  gun  as  a  rear  train. 

8.  In   the  fifth  section  the  A  caisson  is  normally  limbered 
first  in  rear  of  the  tractor,  with  the  B  caisson  following  as  a 
rear  train. 


DRILL  REGULATIONS  FIELD  ARTILLERY.  57 

9.  In  the  "  order  in  line  "  there  can  be  no  second  or  rear  rank 
of  carriages,  except  in  the  combat  train,  as  one  tractor  pulls 
all  the  carriages  of  a  section. 

10.  The  "  section  column  "  becomes  a  "  platoon  column,"  as 
complete  sections  must  come  abreast  of  each  other. 

11.  The  "flank  column"  becomes  simply  a  platoon  column  at 
a  more  extended  interval. 

12.  Platoon  column  or  flank  column  are  extended  by  complete 
sections  instead  of  by  the  individual  carriages  of  a  section. 

13.  For   drill   purposes  the  abouts   are   made   on   the   same 
radius  as  in  horse  vehicles. 

1-t.  There  is  no  distinction  between   the   "  about  "    and   the 
"  countermarch  "  of  a  section. 

15.  The  fifth  section  can  not  be  subdivided  for  action  until 
the  position  is  occupied. 

Distances  and  Intervals. 

16.  In  line:  Normal  interval=length  of  section -h8  yards. 
In  section  column :  Distance=8  yards. 

In  platoon  column:  Distarice=8  yards;  interval=4  yards. 
In    flank    column:  Distance=8    yards;    i  liter  val= length    of 
section+8  yards. 

17.  Signals  with  obvious  omissions  are  the  same  except  that 
double  section  will  mean  platoon,  column  and  flank  column  will 
mean  a  platoon  column  at  an  extended  interval. 

TTnlimbering. 

18.  The  tractor  will  halt  when  the  gun  is  in  the  proper  posi- 
tion.    As  soon  as  the  gun  has  been  unlimbered  the  tractor  in- 
clining slightly  to  its  left  will  execute  a  right  about,  pull  the 


58  DRILL  REGULATIONS  FIELD  ARTILLERY. 

caisson  into  its  proper  position,  and  halt.  When  the  caisson  has 
been  unlimbered  the  tractor  will  move  to  its  front  and  by  two 
successive  right-abouts  will  place  the  caisson  limber  in  posi- 
tion and  halt.  When  the  limber  has  been  disconnected  the 
tractor  by  a  third  right-about  will  move  to  the  rear  of  the 
piece  limber. 

19.  For   drill    purposes   all   sections  having  been   completely 
unlimbered  the  first  sergeant  will  move  off  the  tractors  together. 

In  Limbering. 

20.  The    pie<-e    will    be    limbered    and    then    the   caisson   and 
caisson  limber  will  be  moved  by  hand  in  succession  and  each 
limbered  to  the  carriage  in  rear  of  it.     The  tractor  will  be  lim- 
bered to  the  leading  carriage  of  the  train,  approaching  from  the 
rear  of  flank  exactly  as  does  the  team  of  the  gun  carriage. 


1    aJLJULU 


APPENDIX  B. 

. 

1.  The  International  Morse  Code  will  be  used  for  all  Field 
Artillery  communication,  except  by  semaphore. 

2.  The  following  abbreviations  are  prescribed  and   will  be 
memorized  for  communication  by  any  method  with  the  excep- 
tions noted : 

Error.     (All  methods  but  ardois  and  semaphore.) 

A Error.     (Ardois  and  semaphore  only.) 

A  D Additional. 

A  K  T Draw  ammunition  from  combat  train. 

A  L Draw  ammunition  from  limbers. 

A  M Ammunition  going  forward. 

A  M  C At  my  command. 

A  P Aiming  point. 

B  (numerals) Battery  (so  many)  rounds. 

B  S  (numerals) (Such)  Battalion  station. 

B  L Battery  from  the  left. 

B  R Battery  from  the  right. 

C  ('  C Charge    (mandatory  at  all  times).     Am  about  to 

charge  if  not  instructed  to  contrary. 

C  F Cease  tiring. 

C  S Close  station. 

CT __ Change  target. 

D         Down 

D  F__       ...Deflection. 

DT Double  time.     Rush.     Hurry. 


60  DRILL  REGULATIONS  FIELD  ARTILLERY. 

F Commence  firing. 

F  C  L  (numerals) On  first  piece  close  by  (so  much). 

F  L Artillery  fire  is  causing:  us  losses. 

F  O  P  (numerals) On  first  piece  open  by  (so  much). 

G Move  forward.    Preparing  to  move  forward. 

H  H  H Halt.    Action  suspended. 

I  X Execute.     Go  ahead.    Transmit. 

J  I Report  firing  data. 

K Negative.     No. 

K  R Corrector. 

L Preparatory.    Attention. 

L  C  L  (numerals) On  fourth  piece  close  by'  (so  much). 

L  O  1*  (numerals) On  fourth  piece  open  by  (so  much). 

L  T Left. 

L  L Left  from  the  left. 

L  R Left  from  the  right. 

L  E   (numerals) Less  (so  much). 

M  D_ Move  down. 

M  L .Move  to  your  left. 

M  R Move  to  your  right. 

M  U Move  up. 

M  O  (numerals) More  (so  much). 

N_: Annul.     Cancel. 

O What  is  the  (R.  N.,  etc.)  ?     Interrogatory.     (Ardois 

and  semaphore  only.) 
What   is   the    (II.    N.,   etc.)?     Interrogatory.     (All 

methods  but  ardois  and  semaphore. ) 

p Affirmative.    Yes. 

p  s Percussion.    Shrapnel. 

Q  R  Q Send  faster. 

•Q  R  S Send  slower. 


DRILL  REGULATIONS  FIELD  ARTILLERY. 


61 


«0**3         "*1 


Q  It  T Cease  sending1. 

R Acknowledgment.     Received. 

R  S_l   Regimental  station. 

R  L Right  from  the  left. 

R  R Right  from  the  right. 

R  N Range. 

RT Right. 

S Subtract. 

S  C  L  (numerals) On  second  piece  close  by  (so  much). 

SOP  ( numerals)  _I On  second  piece  open  by  (so  much). 

S  H Shell. 

S  I Site. 

S  S  S Support  needed. 

T Target 

T  C  L  (numerals) On  third  piece  close  by  (so  much) 

TOP  (numerals) On  third  piece  open  by  (so  much) 

'U Up. 

Y  (letter) Such  battery  station. 

3.  THE  TWO-ARM  SEMAPHORE  CODE. 
(See  illustrations  on  pages  following.) 


at    in  ' 


L|  a 


DRILL  REGULATIONS  FIELD  ARTILLERY. 

TWO-ARM    SEMAPHORE   CODE. 


ERROR 


PREPARATORY 


G      XL    7 


C      JK.    3 


H      Jtt    8 


M 


D      9L    A 


ANNULLING 


E      K     5 


INTERROGATORY 


DKILL  REGULATIONS  FIELD  ARTILLERY.  63 


o    ffi 


ACKNOWLEDGE 

__     f 


LS 
R 


u    1 


w 


V      I 


I 


INTERVAL 


NUMERALS 


.YH3JJITHA 


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